Chapter 12 Prisons and Jails 2003 Prentice Hall

  • Slides: 83
Download presentation
Chapter 12 Prisons and Jails © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 1

Chapter 12 Prisons and Jails © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 1

Early Punishments • • • flogging mutilation branding public humiliation workhouses exile © 2003

Early Punishments • • • flogging mutilation branding public humiliation workhouses exile © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 2

Early Punishments Flogging • through Middle Ages most widely used form of punishment in

Early Punishments Flogging • through Middle Ages most widely used form of punishment in England • used by American colonists as well as on the Western frontier © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 3

Early Punishments Flogging Last officially sanctioned flogging in U. S. • Delaware – June

Early Punishments Flogging Last officially sanctioned flogging in U. S. • Delaware – June 16, 1952 • burglar received 20 lashes © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 4

Early Punishments 11 th century England – blinding, cutting off of ears, ripping out

Early Punishments 11 th century England – blinding, cutting off of ears, ripping out tongues of individuals who poached on the King’s land Amputation has been part of some societies by: • cutting hands off of thieves • blinding spies • castrating rapists • removing tongues of blasphemers • breaking fingers of pickpockets © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 5

Early Punishments Branding • Early Romans, Greeks, French, and British used branding. • Branding

Early Punishments Branding • Early Romans, Greeks, French, and British used branding. • Branding served to readily identify individuals who had been convicted of some offense. • In 1829, British Parliament outlawed branding. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 6

Early Punishments U. S. - Branding was customary in the colonies. • • •

Early Punishments U. S. - Branding was customary in the colonies. • • • First offenders were branded on the hand. Repeat offenders were branded on the forehead. Women were rarely branded. Instead, they were shamed and forced to wear marks on their clothing. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 7

Early Punishments Public Humiliation • ducking stool - A seesaw device to which an

Early Punishments Public Humiliation • ducking stool - A seesaw device to which an offender is tied and lowered into a lake or river. • brank - A birdcage-like contraption that fit over a person’s head. The door on the front by mouth is fitted with a razor blade which enters mouth when the door is closed. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 8

Early Punishments • stocks - A person sits with hands locked in a wooden

Early Punishments • stocks - A person sits with hands locked in a wooden structure, while the head is free. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. • pillory - A person is forced to stand because of the wooden structure that closes over both the head and hands. 9

Early Punishments Workhouses were an early form of imprisonment designed to foster habits of

Early Punishments Workhouses were an early form of imprisonment designed to foster habits of industry in the poor. • 1557 - first workhouse in England • former British palace called St. Bridget’s Well • nicknamed “Brideswell” - became synonymous with workhouse © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 10

Early Punishments Exile © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. • Exile is the practice of

Early Punishments Exile © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. • Exile is the practice of sending offenders out of country. • French sent offenders to Devil’s Island. 11

Early Punishments Exile © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. • England sent offenders to the

Early Punishments Exile © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. • England sent offenders to the colonies beginning in 1618. The program was called “transportation. ” • American revolution stopped the practice of transportation. 12

Early Prisons Middle Ages • 1400’s - 1500’s first “prison” in Europe • for

Early Prisons Middle Ages • 1400’s - 1500’s first “prison” in Europe • for debtors © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 13

Penitentiary Era (1790 -1825) Walnut Street Jail, PA • It was converted to a

Penitentiary Era (1790 -1825) Walnut Street Jail, PA • It was converted to a prison by Quakers. • The study of the Bible was the primary method. • Goal was to provide religion and humanity to imprisoned offenders held in solitary confinement. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 14

Penitentiary Era (1790 -1825) • It became known as the “Pennsylvania system. ” •

Penitentiary Era (1790 -1825) • It became known as the “Pennsylvania system. ” • Handicrafts were introduced, allowing prisoners to work in their cells. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 15

Penitentiary Era (1790 -1825) 1826 - Western Penitentiary opened in Pittsburgh, PA. 1829 -

Penitentiary Era (1790 -1825) 1826 - Western Penitentiary opened in Pittsburgh, PA. 1829 - Eastern Penitentiary opened in Cherry Hill, PA. Other states followed: • Vermont • Massachusetts • Maryland • New York © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 16

Mass Prison Era (1825 -1876) • This era introduced “congregate” but silent style. •

Mass Prison Era (1825 -1876) • This era introduced “congregate” but silent style. • Offenders ate, lived, and worked together in silence. • Corporal punishment was used for rule violators. • This became known as the “Auburn system. ” • From 1825 onward, most prisons built in the U. S. followed the Auburn system. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 17

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Based upon the use of indeterminate sentence and belief in

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Based upon the use of indeterminate sentence and belief in rehabilitation, the reformatory movement is the result of the work of two men. • Captain Alexander Maconochie • Sir Walter Crofton © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 18

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Captain Alexander Maconochie • Warden of Norfolk Island prison off

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Captain Alexander Maconochie • Warden of Norfolk Island prison off of the coast of Australia in the 1840’s. • Prisoners at Norfolk were “doubly condemned. ” • They had been “transported” to Australia because of crimes they had committed, and then they committed additional crimes while in Australia. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 19

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Captain Alexander Maconochie • • • Maconochie developed the “mark

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Captain Alexander Maconochie • • • Maconochie developed the “mark system. ” Prisoners could earn credits to buy their freedom. Negative behavior caused marks to be lost. Mark system constituted first “early release” program. Maconochie became known as “father of parole. ” © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 20

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • head of Irish Prison System •

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • head of Irish Prison System • adapted Maconochie’s early release program • set up four-stage program • entry stage - offenders are: • • © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. placed in solitary confinement given simple, unmotivating work 21

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • • second stage - Offenders worked

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • • second stage - Offenders worked on fortifications at Spike Island where they were housed. field unit stage - Offenders worked directly on public service projects in the community. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 22

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • ticket of leave stage - This

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • ticket of leave stage - This stage allowed offenders to live and work in a community under occasional supervision of a “moral instructor. ” © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 23

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • Ticket of leave could be revoked

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Sir Walter Crofton • Ticket of leave could be revoked at any time and the offender would serve remaining time of sentence in prison. • Crofton believed that reintegration into community was necessary for success of rehabilitation. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 24

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Elmira Reformatory • Zebulon Brockway was the warden at Elmira.

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Elmira Reformatory • Zebulon Brockway was the warden at Elmira. • The reformatory was a leading advocate of the indeterminate sentence. • Elmira accepted only first time offenders between ages 16 -30. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 25

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Elmira Reformatory System of graded stages requiring offenders to meet

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Elmira Reformatory System of graded stages requiring offenders to meet goals in: • education • behavior • other appropriate goals © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 26

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Elmira Reformatory Training made available in such areas as: •

Reformatory Era (1876 -1890) Elmira Reformatory Training made available in such areas as: • plumbing • telegraphy • carpentry • tailoring © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 27

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - The goal was to maximize the use of

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - The goal was to maximize the use of the offender labor movement. • began in industrial northeast U. S. Northern Prisons • smelted steel • made furniture • molded tires © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 28

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Southern Prisons • farm labor • public works

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Southern Prisons • farm labor • public works projects © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 29

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Types of Offender Labor Systems • • •

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Types of Offender Labor Systems • • • Contract system Piece-price system Lease system Public account system State-use system Public works system © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 30

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Contract system • Private business paid for rent

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Contract system • Private business paid for rent of inmate labor. • Private business provided raw materials and supervised manufacturing process inside of prison. Piece-price system • Goods produced for private business inside of prison. • Prisoners paid according to number and quality of goods they produced. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 31

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Lease system • Prisoners taken outside of prison

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Lease system • Prisoners taken outside of prison to work. • Once at the work site, private business people took over supervision and employed prisoners. Public account system • Industries owned entirely by prisons. • Prisons handled manufacturing of goods from beginning to end. • Finished goods sold on free market. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 32

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - State-use system • Prisons manufactured goods ONLY for

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - State-use system • Prisons manufactured goods ONLY for use by the prison or government agencies. • Prisons could NOT compete on the free market because of inexpensive labor advantage. Public works system • Prisoners maintained public roadways, cleaned public parks, and maintained and restored public buildings. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 33

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Hawes-Cooper Act (1929) • This act required prison

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Hawes-Cooper Act (1929) • This act required prison goods to conform to regulations of the states through which they were shipped. • States that outlawed the manufacture of free market goods in their own prisons were effectively protected from prisonmade goods from other states under this act. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 34

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Hawes-Cooper Act (1929) Act came about as a

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Hawes-Cooper Act (1929) Act came about as a result of complaints by labor that they could not compete with cheap prison labor. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 35

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935) • It specifically prohibited interstate

Industrial Prison Era 1935) (1890 - Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935) • It specifically prohibited interstate transportation and sale of prison made goods where prohibited by state law. • Act came about partly as a result of the Depression. • It effectively ended industrial prison era. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 36

Punitive Era (1935 -1945) With a moratorium on prison industries, prisons reverted back to

Punitive Era (1935 -1945) With a moratorium on prison industries, prisons reverted back to custody and security as main goals. Large maximum security prisons evolved in rural “out-of-sight” locations. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 37

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) Development of behavioral techniques in the 1930’s and 1940’s brought

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) Development of behavioral techniques in the 1930’s and 1940’s brought about the concept of treatment in prisons. • Treatment based on “medical model. ” • Individual and group therapy programs evolved. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 38

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) Types of Therapy Programs • • • © 2003 Prentice

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) Types of Therapy Programs • • • © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. behavioral therapy drug therapy neurosurgery sensory deprivation aversion therapy 39

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) behavioral therapy - structured to provide rewards for approved behavior

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) behavioral therapy - structured to provide rewards for approved behavior while punishing inappropriate behavior drug therapy - use of drugs especially tranquilizers to modify behavior © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 40

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) Neurosurgery was used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges.

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) Neurosurgery was used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges. Frontal lobotomies were a part of this approach. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 41

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) sensory deprivation - Prisoners were isolated in a quiet, secluded

Treatment Era (1945 -1967) sensory deprivation - Prisoners were isolated in a quiet, secluded environment and denied stimulation. aversion therapy - Drugs and/or electric shock was used to teach a prisoner to associate negative behavior with pain and displeasure. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 42

Community Based Era (1967 -1980) • This era relies upon resources of community instead

Community Based Era (1967 -1980) • This era relies upon resources of community instead of prison. • Plan is to keep offender in the community. • half-way house - Communitybased treatment program whereby the individual lives in a house but is allowed to go to work during the day. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 43

Community Based Era (1967 -1980) Half-way In Individuals who have been placed on probation

Community Based Era (1967 -1980) Half-way In Individuals who have been placed on probation and one condition is that they reside in the half-way house. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. Half-way Out Individuals on parole and one condition of their parole is that they reside at a half-way house. 44

U. S. Prison Population, 1960 -2000. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics © 2003 Prentice

U. S. Prison Population, 1960 -2000. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 45

The Warehousing Era (1980 -1995) Robert Martinson “Nothing Works” study (1974) • He surveyed

The Warehousing Era (1980 -1995) Robert Martinson “Nothing Works” study (1974) • He surveyed 231 research studies that evaluated correctional treatment programs between 1945 -1967. • None of the 231 programs appeared to substantially reduce recidivism. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 46

The Warehousing Era (1980 -1995) recidivism - The commission of a crime by an

The Warehousing Era (1980 -1995) recidivism - The commission of a crime by an individual who has previously been convicted of a crime; the new crime may be the same or different from the first crime. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 47

The Warehousing Era (1980 -1995) Definitions of Prison Capacity • design capacity - The

The Warehousing Era (1980 -1995) Definitions of Prison Capacity • design capacity - The prison population the institution was originally built to handle. • operational capacity - The number of prisoners a facility can effectively accommodate based on the staff and programs of the facility. • rated capacity - The size of the prison population that a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 48

The Just Deserts Era (1995 -Present) • Imprisonment is seen as fully deserved and

The Just Deserts Era (1995 -Present) • Imprisonment is seen as fully deserved and a proper consequence of criminal behavior. • Root purpose of imprisonment is punishment. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 49

The Just Deserts Era (1995 -Present) • 1995 - Virginia abolishes parole, increases the

The Just Deserts Era (1995 -Present) • 1995 - Virginia abolishes parole, increases the length of sentences for certain violent crimes, and plans building of 12 new prisons. • 1995 - 28 states report a decrease in prisoner privileges during previous 12 months. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 50

The Just Deserts Era (1995 -Present) • • • reduces personal property allowed restricts

The Just Deserts Era (1995 -Present) • • • reduces personal property allowed restricts outside purchases eliminates cable TV abolishes family visits eliminates special occasion banquets © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 51

Prisons Today Numbers and Types of Prisons Approximately • 1, 000 state prisons •

Prisons Today Numbers and Types of Prisons Approximately • 1, 000 state prisons • 80 federal prisons • 461 state and federal prisoners per 100, 000 population On January 1, 2001, state and federal prisons held 1, 381, 892 inmates. Slightly more than 6. 6% of those imprisoned were women. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 52

Prisons Today Race • Whites - 1, 108 incarcerated per 100, 000 white males

Prisons Today Race • Whites - 1, 108 incarcerated per 100, 000 white males in their late 20’s. • Blacks - 9, 749 incarcerated per 100, 000 black males in their late 20’s. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 53

Prisons Today Types of Crimes State Level • 48% sentenced for violent crime. •

Prisons Today Types of Crimes State Level • 48% sentenced for violent crime. • 21% sentenced for property crime. • 21% sentenced for drug crime. Federal Level • 61% sentenced for drug law violations. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 54

Prisons Today Inmates • low level of formal education • socially disadvantaged background •

Prisons Today Inmates • low level of formal education • socially disadvantaged background • lack of significant vocational skills • (most) served time in a juvenile facility © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 55

Prisons Today Staff • • • 350, 000 people are employed in corrections. 20%

Prisons Today Staff • • • 350, 000 people are employed in corrections. 20% of all correctional officers are female. 70% of correctional officers are white. 22% of correctional officers are black. 5% of correctional officers are Hispanic. 4. 1 to 1 is the inmate/custody staff ratio. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 56

Prisons Today Security Levels • maximum • medium • minimum © 2003 Prentice Hall,

Prisons Today Security Levels • maximum • medium • minimum © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 57

Prisons Today Maximum High levels of security characterized by: • high fences/walls of concrete

Prisons Today Maximum High levels of security characterized by: • high fences/walls of concrete • barriers between living area and outer perimeter • electric perimeters • laser motion detectors • electronic and pneumatic locking systems • metal detectors • X-ray machines • television surveillance • thick walls • secure cells • gun towers • armed guards • radio communication between staff © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 58

Prisons Today Medium Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners

Prisons Today Medium Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners more freedom. Prisoners can usually: • associate with other prisoners • go to prison yard • use exercise room/equipment • use library • use shower and bathroom facilities under less supervision © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 59

Prisons Today Medium • While individual cells predominate, dormitory style housing is sometimes used.

Prisons Today Medium • While individual cells predominate, dormitory style housing is sometimes used. • Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 60

Prisons Today Medium “Count” • Process of counting number of inmates during course of

Prisons Today Medium “Count” • Process of counting number of inmates during course of day. Times are random, and all business stops until count is verified. • Medium security facilities tend to have barbed wire at top of fences instead of large stone walls of maximum security facilities. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 61

Rates of Imprisonment in the United States Source: Allen J. Beck and Paige M.

Rates of Imprisonment in the United States Source: Allen J. Beck and Paige M. Harrison, Prisoners in 2000 (Washington, D. C. : Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001). © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 62

Prisons Today Minimum • Housing tends to be dormitory style, and prisoners usually have

Prisons Today Minimum • Housing tends to be dormitory style, and prisoners usually have freedom of movement around the facility. • Work is done under general supervision only. • Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. • Fences, if they do exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. • “Counts” are usually not taken. • Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 63

Federal Prison System History • 1895 - Leavenworth, Kansas - First federal prison for

Federal Prison System History • 1895 - Leavenworth, Kansas - First federal prison for civilians opens. • 1906 - Second prison in Atlanta opens. • 1927 - Alderson, West Virginia - First federal prison for women opens. • 1933 - Springfield, Missouri - Medical Center for federal prisoners opens with 1, 000 bed capacity. • 1934 - Alcatraz begins operations. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 64

Federal Prison System Security Levels • administrative maximum (ADMAX) • high security • medium

Federal Prison System Security Levels • administrative maximum (ADMAX) • high security • medium security • low security • minimum security • administrative facility © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 65

Federal Prison System Administrative Maximum (ADMAX) • • ADMAX is ultra-maximum security. It is

Federal Prison System Administrative Maximum (ADMAX) • • ADMAX is ultra-maximum security. It is located in Florence, Colorado. The 575 bed facility opened in 1995. Dangerous prisoners confined to cell 23 hours per day. • Prisoners are not allowed to associate with each other. • 1% of federal prison population is confined here. • It holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists, murderers, escape artists, etc. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 66

Federal Prison System High Security (called U. S. penitentiaries) • armed patrol • intense

Federal Prison System High Security (called U. S. penitentiaries) • armed patrol • intense electronic surveillance • designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances • 10% of federal prison population • 8 facilities Examples: • Atlanta, GA • Lewisburg, PA • Terre Haute, IN • Leavenworth, KS © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 67

Federal Prison System Medium Security (called federal correctional institutions) • double chain link fence

Federal Prison System Medium Security (called federal correctional institutions) • double chain link fence • electronic monitoring of grounds • 23% of federal prison population • 26 facilities Examples: • Terminal Island, CA • Lompoc, CA • Seagoville, TX © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 68

Federal Prison System Low Security • surrounded by double chain link fence • employs

Federal Prison System Low Security • surrounded by double chain link fence • employs vehicle patrols of perimeter • 28% of federal prison population • 17 facilities © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 69

Federal Prison System Minimum Security (called federal prison camps) • essentially honor-type camps •

Federal Prison System Minimum Security (called federal prison camps) • essentially honor-type camps • barrack type housing • no fences • 35% of federal prison population • 55 facilities Examples: • Elgin Air Force Base, FL • Maxwell Air Force Base, AL © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 70

Federal Prison System Administrative Facility • institutions with special missions • most are metropolitan

Federal Prison System Administrative Facility • institutions with special missions • most are metropolitan detention centers (MDCs) • generally located in large cities, close to federal courthouses • jails holding inmates awaiting trial • medical centers for federal prisoners (MCFP) • 5 facilities that function as hospitals © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 71

Jails original purpose - Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. current

Jails original purpose - Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. current use - Jails hold those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 72

Jails Statistics - 2001 • • 621, 149 men are held in jail. 70,

Jails Statistics - 2001 • • 621, 149 men are held in jail. 70, 414 women are held in jail. 7, 615 juveniles are held in jail. 56% are pre-trial detainees or involved in some phase of the trial process. • 22% have been charged with a drug offense. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 73

Jails Profile • • 3, 365 jails 207, 600 correctional officers 2. 9/1 inmate/staff

Jails Profile • • 3, 365 jails 207, 600 correctional officers 2. 9/1 inmate/staff ratio $14, 667 average - to house person in jail for a year © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 74

Jails • 20, 000 people are admitted annually to jail. • 2/3 of all

Jails • 20, 000 people are admitted annually to jail. • 2/3 of all jails are designed to house 50 or less prisoners. • 6% of the jails hold over 50% of the prisoners. • Almost 50% of jail population is held in 5 states: California, Texas, Florida, New York, and Georgia. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 75

Causes of Jail Deaths in the U. S. Source: U. S. Department of Justice

Causes of Jail Deaths in the U. S. Source: U. S. Department of Justice © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 76

Women and Jail • Women compose only 11. 4% of the country’s jail population.

Women and Jail • Women compose only 11. 4% of the country’s jail population. • Educational levels are low. • 4% of female inmates are pregnant at the time they come to jail. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 77

Women and Jail • Women make up 22% of the correctional force in jails

Women and Jail • Women make up 22% of the correctional force in jails across the nation. • 626 jails, in which over 50% of the correction officer force consists of women. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 78

Growth of Jails • end of 1980’s - Jails are overcrowded. • Court ordered

Growth of Jails • end of 1980’s - Jails are overcrowded. • Court ordered caps put on population. • 2000 - Jail capacity increased, and occupancy was at 92% of rated capacity. © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 79

Growth of Jails • new jail management strategy - direct supervision • system of

Growth of Jails • new jail management strategy - direct supervision • system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas • open environment • “new generation” jails © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 80

Future of Jails • adding critical programs for inmates • increasing jail industries •

Future of Jails • adding critical programs for inmates • increasing jail industries • use of citizen volunteers • jail “boot camps” © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 81

Private Prisons States use private prisons to: • reduce overcrowding • lower operating expenses

Private Prisons States use private prisons to: • reduce overcrowding • lower operating expenses • avoid lawsuits © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. 82

U. S. Incarceration by Race and Sex © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. Source: Bureau

U. S. Incarceration by Race and Sex © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics 83