Chapter 12 Measuring Marking and Laying Out Materials

Chapter 12 Measuring, Marking, and Laying Out Materials

Objectives • Distinguish between measuring, marking, and layout tools. • Lay out lines and geometric shapes. • Transfer shapes to working material. • Maintain measurement and layout tools. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Introduction • Accurate measurement, layout result in high-quality cabinetry • Squareness – All corners join at 90 angles • Marking, measuring, layout tools Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Marking Tools • • Pencil Marking knife Scratch awl Avoid ink – Bleeds into wood cells Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Marking Gauge • Used to make parallel lines • Adjustable head with steel pin or cutting wheel Patrick A. Molzahn Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Using a Marking Gauge • Adjust head to appropriate width from edge of board to line • Place gauge flat on material. • Roll gauge toward stock until pin or cutter touches surface • Push gauge away from you. Keep head against edge of work Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Measuring Tools • Measure lengths or angles • US customary system – Feet, inches • International System (SI) – Metric measurement Lufkin Division—The Cooper Group, The L. S. Starrett Co. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Rule • Flat, flexible, or folding • Centering rule – Units extend in both directions • Rigid folding rule – Typically 6′ long • Flexible rule or tape measure – Measures straight lengths and curves Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Rules Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Slide Calipers • Measure outside, inside distances and depths • Vernier scale • Dial calipers • Digital calipers Patrick A. Molzahn Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Squares • Uses – Verify 90° corners – Serves as straightedge – Measure distances, angles • Types – Framing and bench square – Try square – Combination square Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Framing and Bench Squares • Framing Squares – 24″ body, 16″ tongue – Forms 90 angle • Bench Square – Smaller than framing square • Face and back contain measurement scales, some have tables Stanley Tools Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Try Square • Steel blade, steel or wood handle • Most reliable for accuracy • Use to set up machinery, check squareness, make layouts Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Combination Square • • Measure distances, depths Lay out 45 and 90 angles Draw parallel lines Locate centers The L. S. Starrett Co. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Combination Square (Cont’d) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Tables • Contain information for commonly used measurements • Brace measure table – Diagonal measurements show length needed for diagonal pieces • Octagon scale – Identifies critical measurements for laying out octagons Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Brace Measure Table Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Octagon Scale Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Scales • Customary and metric measurements • Square is useful as a rule • With measurement marked, square used to draw perpendicular line Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Layout Tools • • Transfer distances, angles, contours Sliding T-bevel Angle divider Calipers Compass and divider Trammel points Profile gauge Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Sliding T-Bevel • Lay out and transfer angle • Can be used to set angles Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Angle Divider • Two blades move outward at equal rate from body – Move from 0 to 90 • Numbers on body, index mark on adjusting nut Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Calipers • • Transfer dimensions Common types are inside, outside, hermaphrodite Firm-joint or bow-spring Used most often for wood turning Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Calipers (Cont’d) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Outside Caliper • Check outside diameters on turnings – Set with rule – Turn material until caliper slips over diameter The L. S. Starrett Co. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Inside Caliper • Checks inside diameters – Set with rule – Turn material until caliper just slips in The L. S. Starrett Co. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Hermaphrodite Caliper • One caliper-like leg, one needle-like point • Uses – Locating inside, outside centers by scribing intersecting arcs – Marking parallel line on flat or round stock – Copying a contour (coping) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Hermaphrodite Caliper (Cont’d) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Compass and Divider • Compass has pencil point on one leg • Divider has two steel points • Uses – – – Step off distances Bisect lines, angles, arcs Construct tangent lines or arcs Scribe circles, ellipses, arcs Lay out polygons Cope contours Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Compass and Divider (Cont’d) The L. S. Starrett Co. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Using a Compass Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Using a Divider Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Trammel Points • Makes large circles – Two steel points clamped on a long piece of wood – One point may be replaced with a pencil – Size limited only by length of wood Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Profile Gauge • Copies irregular shapes – Press pins against curved surface – Transfer contour to material being cut The Fine Tool Shops Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Layout Practices • • Marking points Lines Circles and arcs Polygons Irregular shapes Layout rod Story pole Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Marking Points • • Mark with V or arrow Press lightly to avoid scratching or denting wood Use quality rule Have shop measurement standard to check accuracy of tape measures Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lines, Circles, and Arcs • Use rule or square for lines • Use marking gauge, combination square, hermaphrodite caliper for parallel lines • Circles and arcs use compass, dividers, trammel points • Set layout tool for radius of arc, locate tool point at arc’s center, swing arc Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Polygons • Triangles, square, rectangles, hexagons, octagons • Use framing square and protractor for layout Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Polygon Layouts Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Drawing Polygons Using a Compass Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Laying Out an Ellipse Using String Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Irregular Shapes • Patterns show to lay out shape – Half pattern – Detail pattern – Square grid pattern Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Patterns Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Patterns (Cont’d) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Templates • Permanent full size pattern used to guide tool • Used when cutting shape multiple times • Made of resilient material Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Layout Rod • • Record of often-used distances Eliminates need to measure repeatedly Marked with important dimensions Surfaced on four sides Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Story Pole • • Marks locations of items found in room 1 3 lumber, long as necessary Second pole equal to height of room or tallest cabinet Also marks electrical outlets, doors, windows Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Digital Measuring Devices • Lasers • Electronic calipers Accurate Technologies Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Measuring and Layout Tool Maintenance • • Wipe clean with soft rag Remove rust with steel wool Coat with paste wax Use paste wax to lubricate moving parts Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.