Chapter 12 Liver Gallbladder and Pancreas Diseases and

Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALLALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy and Physiology • Liver – Largest solid organ – Plays role in: • • Digestion Absorption Metabolism Blood clotting Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy and Physiology • Liver – Plays role in: • Manufacture of important chemicals • Storage of nutrients • Gallbladder stores bile until needed • Pancreas produces and excretes most intestinal enzymes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Animation Click Here to Play Pancreas Animation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Signs and Symptoms • Liver disease – Jaundice • Gallbladder and pancreas disease – Pain • Most common symptom Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Diagnostic Tests • Liver function tests measure bilirubin, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase • Ultrasound, x-rays, CAT scan • Biopsy • Blood tests to measure pancreatic function Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Hepatitis – Inflammation of liver – Causes: • • Chemical actions of drugs Toxic substances Chronic alcoholism Group of viruses Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Hepatitis – Viral hepatitis • Most prevalent – Symptoms: • Jaundice and liver enlargement • Malaise • Anorexia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Hepatitis – Symptoms: • • Fever Myalgia and abdominal pain Dark-colored urine Clay or light-colored stools Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Hepatitis – Treatment: • Rest • Good nutrition – Prevention: • Good hygiene • Special care when handling needles and body fluids Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Viral hepatitis occurs in five types – A, B, C, D, E • Hepatitis A – Benign – Spread by oral-fecal contact Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Hepatitis B – Formerly called serum hepatitis – Spread by blood, urine, feces, saliva, and semen • Hepatitis C – Spread by blood or sexual contact Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Hepatitis D – Delta virus requires presence of hepatitis B to replicate • Hepatitis E – Spread by oral-fecal contact • Commonly due to water contamination Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Cirrhosis – Chronic, irreversible, and degenerative – Replacement of normal liver cells with nonfunctioning scar tissue • Hobnail liver Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Cirrhosis – Most common cause: • Chronic alcoholism – Symptoms: • • • Loss of appetite Nausea Indigestion Weakness Weight loss Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Liver Diseases • Liver cancer – – Primary and benign tumors of liver rare Usually discovered late or end stage Diagnosis by biopsy Treatment: • Surgery • Radiation • Chemotherapy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder Diseases • Cholecystitis – Inflammation of gallbladder usually caused by obstruction of bile due to gallstone – Diagnosis by ultrasound or cholecystogram Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder Diseases • Cholecystitis – Symptoms: • Mild to severe right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain • Nausea and vomiting after eating – Treatment: • Surgical excision Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis – Gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts – Symptoms: • Nausea • Vomiting • RUQ pain following meals with fat Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cholelithiasis Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis – Risk factors: • Excessive weight • Increasing age • Female Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Gallbladder Diseases • Cholelithiasis – Five Fs: • • • Female Fair complexion Fat Fertile Forty or older Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatitis – Inflammation of pancreas – Symptoms: • • • Severe abdominal pain radiating to back Nausea Vomiting Diaphoresis Tachycardia Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatitis – Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis similar to acute – Diagnosis by high blood amylase – Treatment and prognosis depend on cause Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatic cancer – Usually adenocarcinoma occurring in head of pancreas – Symptoms: • • • Abdominal and back pain Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Weakness and fatigue Jaundice Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Pancreas Diseases • Pancreatic cancer – Diagnosis by biopsy – Treatment: • Surgical resection • Radiation • Chemotherapy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rare Diseases • Primary biliary cirrhosis – Chronic liver disease that gradually destroys bile ducts in liver • Gilbert’s syndrome – Congenital liver disorder • Hemochromatosis – Body absorbs and stores excessive amounts of iron Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Effects of Aging • Increased seriousness of infections • Lifestyle risk factors contribute to health outcome • Increased bile stones • Decreased pancreatic enzymes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.