Chapter 12 Gender Race and Ethnicity Gender wage
- Slides: 13
Chapter 12: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
Gender wage differences • Full-time female workers have weekly earnings that are approximately 75% of the weekly earnings of full-time male workers.
Reasons for gender wage differences • • • educational attainment, prior work experience, average weekly hours of work, occupational choice, and discrimination.
Discrimination • Discrimination exists if wage is related to factors other than a worker’s productivity.
Occupational segregation • index of dissimilarity - a measure of the proportion of one group that would have to change occupations to equalize the gender proportions in occupations.
Racial earnings differences • black/white wage gap is larger than the gender wage gap, • this gap cannot be explained by differences in occupational choice, • very different patterns of employment, labor force participation, and unemployment rates, • differences in cognitive ability (as measured by the AFQT) appear to explain much of the gap.
Ethnic differences in earnings • primarily appears to be due to differences in human capital and language proficiency.
Theories of discrimination • • employer discrimination, customer discrimination, employee discrimination, and statistical discrimination.
Noncompetitive models of discrimination • crowding, and • dual labor markets.
Search-related monopsony • the existence of discriminatory employers raises the expected cost of job search for members of groups that are the targets of discrimination, • this results in an upward sloping labor supply curve for members of the affected group, • leading to MFC > w and some degree of monopsony power.
Legal restrictions • Equal Pay Act of 1963 made it illegal to offer different pay to men and women performing the same tasks. (It did not, however, prohibit discrimination in hiring or promotion. ) • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 filled in this gap by prohibiting discriminatory hiring practices. • disparate treatment • disparate impact
Comparable worth • jobs are assigned “points” according to a variety of criteria, • pay is based on the number of points.
Federal Contract Compliance Program • created in 1965 to ensure that firms doing business with the federal government engage in nondiscriminatory employment behavior. • firms doing business with the federal government are required to maintain a mix of workers that is proportionate to their representation in the relevant labor market.
- Chapter 8: race and ethnicity as lived experience
- Assimilation culture
- Race vs ethnicity vs nationality
- Impulse vs reaction turbine
- A solid barrier constructed at a suitable location
- Data race vs race condition
- Strategic gender needs and practical gender needs
- Countries and nationalities
- Theory of ethnicity
- Troian bellisario ethnicity
- What is ethnicity
- Explain the structural functionalism
- Symbolic ethnicity
- Ethnicity in sociolinguistics