Chapter 12 Future Directions and Emerging Trends Copyright

Foresight’s Crime Prevention Panel ► Individuality and independence ► Information Communication Technology ► Globalization

Globalization ► Society is experiencing a period of unprecedented global change. ► Globalization has

Transnational Crime Today’s organized crime groups are involved in: § arms dealing § environmental

Emerging Crimes ► Trafficking and smuggling of humans ► International trafficking in human organs

Trafficking and Smuggling Humans Trafficking Humans § Delivery of people; delivery paid for §

International Traffic in Human Organs ► The Current Reality – Supply and Demand ►

The Current Reality Supply and Demand Supply ► Travel to other countries. ► Don’t

Organs From Executed Prisoners World Health Organization – against the sale of organs. China

Allegations of Kidnap and Murder for Organs Children are kidnapped for adoption. Children are

Cyber-Crime ► Computers as a Tool of Crime § e. g. child pornography, criminal

Comparative Criminology The cross-national study of crime. Crime rates are difficult to compare across

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Globalization ► Society is experiencing a period of unprecedented global change. ► Globalization has required law-enforcement agencies around the world to communicate with each other. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3

Transnational Crime Today’s organized crime groups are involved in: § arms dealing § environmental crime § insurance and financial fraud § trafficking and smuggling of humans § money laundering § bank fraud Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4

Trafficking and Smuggling Humans Trafficking Humans § Delivery of people; delivery paid for § Trafficked persons repay debts to traffickers § Not always transnational Smuggling Humans § Transportation of individuals to a country § Relationship between smuggler and victim ends once victim is delivered § Always transnational Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 6

International Traffic in Human Organs ► The Current Reality – Supply and Demand ► Organs from Executed Prisoners ► Allegations of Kidnap and Murder for Organs Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 7

Organs From Executed Prisoners World Health Organization – against the sale of organs. China allows organs of executed prisoners to be harvested and donated if: § no one claims the body; § the executed prisoner has volunteered; or § the family consents. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 9

Allegations of Kidnap and Murder for Organs Children are kidnapped for adoption. Children are kidnapped or sold for sex trade. Children are abducted for their organs? ? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 10

Cyber-Crime ► Computers as a Tool of Crime § e. g. child pornography, criminal harassment, fraud, theft of intellectual property etc. ► Computers as an Object of Crime § e. g. hacking or unauthorized use of computer systems, defacing websites, the creation and malicious dissemination of computer viruses. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 11

Comparative Criminology The cross-national study of crime. Crime rates are difficult to compare across nations because of: § differences in crime definitions; § diverse crime reporting practices; and § political, social, economic and other influences. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12