Chapter 12 Crosscultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World n n Lack of police enforcement outside of

Trade Networks Develop n n Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization Maintenance

Trade in the Hellenistic World n Bactria/India q n Persia, Egypt q n Grain

The Silk Roads n n Named for principal commodity from China Dependent on imperial

The Silk Roads 200 BCE – 30 CE 6 Copyright © 2007 The Mc.

Organization of Long-Distance Trade n n n Divided into small segments Tariffs and tolls

Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism n n Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes

The spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 BCE – 400 CE 9 Copyright

Buddhism in China n n Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations Gradual spread

Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia n n Sea lanes in Indian Ocean 1

Christianity in Mediterranean Basin n n Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3 rd c.

Christianity in SW Asia n n n Influence of ascetic practices from India Desert-dwelling

Spread of Manichaeism n n Mani a devout Zoroastrian (216 -272 CE) Viewed himself

Manichaean Society n Devout: “the Elect” q q q n Ascetic lifestyle Celibacy, vegetarianism

Decline of Manichaeism n n Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman

The Spread of Epidemic Disease n n Role of trade routes in spread of

Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires 18 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill

Internal Decay of the Han State n n n Court intrigue Formation of actions

Collapse of the Han Dynasty China after the Han Dynasty, 220 CE n n

Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples n n Social and cultural changes to a Chinese way

Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism n n n Disintegration of political order casts doubt

Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors n n The Barracks Emperors 235 -284

Diocletian (r. 284 -305 CE) n n Divided empire into two administrative districts Co-Emperors,

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE 25 Copyright © 2007 The Mc.

Constantine 26 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction

Constantine n n New Capital Reunification of Empire Allow Christians to practice religion Edict

Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330) 28 Copyright © 2007 The Mc.

Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors n Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” 30 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill

Germanic invasions and the fall of the western Roman Empire, 450 -476 CE 31

Cultural Change in the Roman Empire n Growth of Christianity q q q n

St. Augustine (354 -430 CE) n n Hippo, North Africa Experimented with Greek thought,

The Institutional Church n Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church q q

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire 35 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc.

The Empire in Crisis: 3 c 36 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies

5 The Decline and Fall of Rome (pg 149) 37 Copyright © 2007 The

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Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World n n Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements Changed in classical period q q Improvement of infrastructure Development of empires 2 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Trade Networks Develop n n Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization Maintenance of roads, bridges Discovery of Monsoon wind patterns Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes 3 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Trade in the Hellenistic World n Bactria/India q n Persia, Egypt q n Grain Mediterranean q n Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls Wine, oil, jewelry, art Development of professional merchant class 4 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Silk Roads n n Named for principal commodity from China Dependent on imperial stability Overland trade routes from China to Roman Empire Sea Lanes and Maritime trade as well 5 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Organization of Long-Distance Trade n n n Divided into small segments Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision Tax income incentives to maintain safety, maintenance of passage 7 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism n n Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes India through central Asia to east Asia Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads, 200 BCE-700 CE 8 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Buddhism in China n n Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations Gradual spread to larger population beginning 5 th c. CE 10 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia n n Sea lanes in Indian Ocean 1 st c. CE clear Indian influence in SE Asia q q q Rulers called “rajas” Sanskrit used for written communication Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths 11 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Christianity in Mediterranean Basin n n Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3 rd c. CE Christianity spreads through Middle East, North Africa, Europe Sizeable communities as far east as India Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced 12 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Christianity in SW Asia n n n Influence of ascetic practices from India Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies After 5 th c. CE, followed Nestorius q Emphasized human nature of Jesus 13 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Spread of Manichaeism n n Mani a devout Zoroastrian (216 -272 CE) Viewed himself a prophet for all humanity Influenced by Christianity and Buddhism Dualist q q q good vs. evil light vs. dark spirit vs. matter 14 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Manichaean Society n Devout: “the Elect” q q q n Ascetic lifestyle Celibacy, vegetarianism Life of prayer and fasting Laity: “the Hearers” q Material supporters of “the Elect” 15 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Decline of Manichaeism n n Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman Empire Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sassanid persecution q n Mani arrested, dies in captivity Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute 16 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Spread of Epidemic Disease n n Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague Effect: Economic slowdown, move to regional self-sufficiency 17 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Internal Decay of the Han State n n n Court intrigue Formation of actions Problem of land distribution q n n Large landholders develop private armies Epidemics Peasant rebellions q 184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion 19 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Collapse of the Han Dynasty China after the Han Dynasty, 220 CE n n Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure Alliance with landowners 200 CE Han Dynasty abolished, replaced by 3 kingdoms Immigration of northern nomads increases 20 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples n n Social and cultural changes to a Chinese way of life Adapted to the Chinese environment q n Agriculture Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage 21 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism n n n Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity Religions of salvation 22 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors n n The Barracks Emperors 235 -284 26 claimants to the throne, all but one killed in power struggles Epidemics Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies 23 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Diocletian (r. 284 -305 CE) n n Divided empire into two administrative districts Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants q n n n “Tetrarchs” Currency, budget reform Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's death, civil war follows Constantine emerges victorious 24 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Constantine n n New Capital Reunification of Empire Allow Christians to practice religion Edict of Milian 27 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors n Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity q n n n Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5 th c. CE Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman Empire Sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic emperor in 476 CE 29 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Cultural Change in the Roman Empire n Growth of Christianity q q q n Constantine’s Vision, 312 CE Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice Converts to Christianity 380 CE Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman Empire 32 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

St. Augustine (354 -430 CE) n n Hippo, North Africa Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism 387 converts to Christianity Major theologian 33 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Institutional Church n Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church q q n Divinity of Jesus (Nicaea 325 CE) Role of women Church hierarchy established q Patriarchs, Bishop of Rome primus inter pares 34 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.