CHAPTER 12 CHANGING AMERICAN LIFE Chapter 12 Changing

CHAPTER 12 CHANGING AMERICAN LIFE

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 The key to American expansion in all areas of life was technology.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life • The Great Wagon Road • ran north to south along the Appalachians pp. 212 -219

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life p. 212

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • The Wilderness Road • cut through the Appalachians via the Cumberland Gap • blazed by Daniel Boone

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • The National Road (Cumberland Road) • stretched from Baltimore to Vandalia, Illinois • first federally funded highway

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • Turnpikes • built by private companies who charged a toll to make a profit • Philadelphia-Lancaster Pike: nation’s longest pike

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • Early Waterways • difficult getting back upstream • boats often dismantled when they reached destination

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • Invention of the Steamboat • became a vital part of America’s transportation system • resulted in the growth of major cities along its routes (New Orleans, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh)

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • Robert Fulton: built the first commercially successful steamboat (the Clermont) • John Fitch: one of the earliest pioneers of the steamship

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • The Appearance of Canals • canal: shallow, manmade waterway connecting two bodies of water • locks: water compartments that can be opened and shut

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life p. 216

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • Erie Canal: the most famous canal • made New York the nation’s busiest port and most prosperous city

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • Early Railroads • John Stevens: built the first American locomotive • Peter Cooper: built the Tom Thumb

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life • Benefits of railroads • unaffected by terrain • faster and cheaper than canals • unaffected by weather pp. 212 -219

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 212 -219 • Results of railroads • became cheaper to ship goods • contributed to the Industrial Revolution • made America a “smaller” place

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life p. 219

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life • The Postal Service • 1639: first postal system in the colonies (established by Massachusetts Bay) • 1692: colonial postal system (established by the king) pp. 220 -221

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 220 -221 • Benjamin Franklin: became the first postmaster general of the United States • Samuel Osgood: became the first postmaster general under the Constitution

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 220 -221 • Pony Express: postal service running between St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, California

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 220 -221 • The Telegraph • need: train stations needed to communicate with each other • Samuel Morse: invented the telegraph

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 Industrial Revolution: advancements made in farming, manufacturing, and trade

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • Life in 1800 • Most Americans were subsistence farmers. • Tradesmen often specialized in one item that they would trade for food.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • The Factory System • collected many workers in one place to produce a given product • began in England • Britain prohibited the export of machinery or the emigration of skilled workers

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • Samuel Slater’s Factory • had been an apprentice to the partner of the father of the English factory system • brought the secret of the English factory system to the United States

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • New England Industry • power supply (water power and steam power) • banking system (helped finance new industry)

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • Francis Cabot Lowell: organized a mill town for girls

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • The Sewing Machine • Walter Hunt: invented the first sewing machine • Elias Howe: first to patent the sewing machine

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life • Isaac Singer: patented a sewing machine with a foot pedal pp. 221 -225

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • Eli Whitney’s Influence • interchangeable parts • began producing gun parts in large quantities • led to mass production

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life • Results of the Rise of Industry • Positive • Negative • long hours, low wages • dangerous work conditions • growth of urban environments pp. 221 -225

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 The rise of industrialism allowed for the growth of the middle class.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life • Rise of Labor Unions • Mechanics’ Union of Trade Associations: first union pp. 221 -225

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • The Mechanics’ Free Press: newspaper designed to promote labor goals • free public education • debt reform • 10 -hour workday • end of child labor

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 221 -225 • results of labor unions: mixed success • economy and immigration affected the union’s success

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 226 -228 The technology that developed during this time period helped improve the farmer’s methods, lower his costs, and increase his profits.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 226 -228 • Farming Before 1800 • used hand tools • crops were limited by the ability to plant and harvest

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 226 -228 The technological advancements in agriculture greatly increased crop yields, allowing fewer farmers to raise more crops.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 226 -228 • John Deere’s Plow • made of high-grade steel • produced commercially • became important in conquering the prairies

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life • Cyrus Mc. Cormick’s Reaper • reaper: a machine that harvested grain pp. 226 -228

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 226 -228 • Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin • cleaned short-staple cotton quickly and efficiently • caused cotton production to explode • created a greater need for slaves

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 228 -230 International trade expanded due to the increased production brought about by the advances in agriculture and industry.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 228 -230 • New Asian Markets • Samuel Shaw and John Green • sailed the Empress of China with 30 tons of ginseng • Shaw opened America’s first trading company in Canton

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 228 -230 • Robert Gray • sailed around South America to China • first American to circumnavigate the earth

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 228 -230 • Commodore Matthew Perry: opened up trade with Japan (by force) in 1854

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 228 -230 The fishing industry (Grand Banks) and the whaling industry (Bering Sea) continued to grow during the 19 th century.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • Immigration • The largest two groups of immigrants were the Germans and Irish. • Most Irish remained in the large, industrial cities in order to find factory work, but the living conditions were often poor.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 Immigrants made a lasting impact on the character of America.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • Unitarianism • denied the doctrine of the Trinity • William Ellery Channing: most famous Unitarian

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • Transcendentalism • combined romantic ideals (an emphasis on emotion and intuition) with rationalism • Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau: most famous transcendentalists

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 The Second Great Awakening transformed the life of the church, and brought many to Christ.

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • The Second Great Awakening • Timothy Dwight: president of Yale • Asahel Nettleton: evangelist who insisted on calm, orderly services • Charles Finney: incorporated several “new measures” into his revivals

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • camp meetings • Cane Ridge, KY: site of the most famous camp meeting

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • Reform Movements • Education • Horace Mann: developed the first public high school

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • Abolition: fought to abolish slavery • the question of whether slavery was morally right or wrong became the central issue

Chapter 12 – Changing American Life pp. 230 -236 • Women’s Rights • Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton: organized the Seneca Falls Convention to discuss women’s rights • sought the right to vote