Chapter 12 Breeding for resistance to diseases Function

第十二章抗病育种 Chapter 12 第一节 Breeding for resistance to diseases 植物抗病育种的作用和特点 Function & character of breeding for resistance to diseases 第二节病原菌致病性与病原物遗传变异 Pathogenecity , inheritance & variation of pathogenecity in pathogens 第三节植物抗病机制与抗病性遗传 Mechanism & genetics of resistance of host plants 第四节抗病性鉴定与筛选 Identification and screening of resistance 第五节抗病品种的选育 Breeding for cultivar resisting to diseases 总目录上一章下一章

第一节植物抗病育种的作用和特点 Function & character of breeding for resistance to diseases 一、植物抗病育种的重要意义 Significance of breeding for resistance to diseases 二、植物抗病育种的作用 Function of breeding for diseases resistance 三、抗病育种的特点 Character of breeding for diseases resistance 章目录下一节

第二节病原菌致病性及其遗传变异 Pathogenecity, inheritance & variation of pathogenecity in pathogens 一、致病性 Pathogenecity 二、生理(毒性)小种 Physiological race (biotypes) 三、致病性的遗传 Inheritance of pathogenecity 四、致病性的变异 Variation of pathogenecity 章目录上一节下一节

第三节植物抗病机制与抗病性遗传 Mechanism & genetics of resistance of host plants 一、植物抗病性的类别 Phenotypic types of resistance 二、抗病性的遗传研究方法 Method of research into genetics of resistance 三、抗病性的遗传 Genetics of disease resistance 四、植物抗病性与病原物致病性的关系 Relationship between host and pathogen 章目录上一节下一节

第四节抗病性鉴定与筛选 Identification and screening of resistance 一、抗源的搜集和筛选 Explore, collection & screening resistance resources 二、抗病性的鉴定 Identification of resistance 1. 发病的条件 condition for arising of symptom 2. 抗病性鉴定的方法 Method of identification of resistance 3. 病原菌接种方法 Method of inoculation of resistance 4. 鉴定标准和记载方法 Scale of identification and score of resistance grade 章目录上一节下一节

第五节抗病品种的选育 Breeding for cultivar resisting to diseases 一、抗病育种的途径和方法 Approach & method to breeding for resistance to diseases 二、抗病育种件中的若干问题 Several problems of breeding for diseases resistance 三、抗病育种的战略问题 Strategy of resistance breeding and maintenance of the resistance of plants 章目录上一节

二、植物抗病育种的作用 n n 是建立综合防治体系(IPM)的重要基础，它既可抑制菌源数量，降低病菌危害，又可减少因为化学药剂的滥用而造成的环境污染和人、畜中毒，保持生态平衡——对于农业的可持续发展和农产品安全有重要的作用。 Integrated pest management (IPM) refers to techniques of managing the pest by making use of cultural, chemical and biological methods in the form of integrated module (specific to each crop and each situation)

感病植物病害病原菌环境植物、病原菌及环境之间的关系 Relationship among host, pathogen and environment The resistance of host is dependent on the path. & env. The pathogenecity is dependent on the host & env.

Physiological races are: ① Variety-specific (Cultivar-specific): 品种专化性 ② Differentiations of highly parasitic pathogens: 高度专性寄生物具有的分化 ③ Genetically controlled in pathogenecity: 毒性不同(可遗传) ④ Frequently changing in composition (with prevalent races 优势小种) 若按品种以上的致病范围来划分病原菌的类型，则称为生理型。生理小种的鉴定和鉴别寄主生理小种很难从形态上区分，必须用一套鉴别寄主加以区分。

一、植物抗病性的类别 n 1. 从抗病表现形式上分：避病、耐病、抗病、感病 Phenotypic Types of resistance: Escape, Tolerance, Resistance [Immune, Hypersensitive (Necrotic spot)], Susceptible n 2. 从抗病机制上分：抗侵入、抗扩展(含过敏性坏死) Mechanism of resistance: Resistance to penetration, Resistance to expanding n n n 3. 从抗病程度上分：免疫、高抗、中抗、中感、高感 4. 从不同生育期的抗病表现可分：苗期抗病、成株期抗病、全期抗病。 5. 从抗病性遗传特点上分：垂直抗性、水平抗性 Genotypic types of Resistance: Vertical Resistance, Horizontal Resistance

( 相对病指感病性 ) 1 2 3 4 生理小种 5 垂直抗性 A variety is particularly resistant to one or some specific races of pathogens while it is highly susceptible to other races. Race specific resistance: single genes, oligo-genes Small environmental influence; Nondurable resistance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 生理小种水平抗性 A variety is resistant to many races of a pathogen with a rather even level. Non race-specific resistance: Polygenes, minor effects Big environmental influence; Durable resistance

(4)基因互作：上位、抑制、互补、修饰等作用。一般抗性强的基因对抗性弱的基因具有上位性。 2. 微效多基因遗传：水平抗性为微效多基因控制的数量性状，易受环境的影响(正态或偏态分布、超亲现象)。 Quantitative inheritance (minor polygene controlled): multiple loci involved minor effect from each locus; continuous variation in F 2 generation; large environmental influence —— Typical in horizontal resistance 3. 细胞质遗传：玉米T型雄性不育胞质(CMS-T)受小斑病T小种的侵染。卵穗山羊草细胞质——抗条锈病。 Cytoplasmic inheritance: e. g. Race T of leaf blight in maize (玉米小斑病T小种）

一、抗源的搜集和筛选 1. 抗源的搜集(Collection of resistant resources) ①. 广泛搜集原始材料以获得抗源; ②. 到作物与病原中心地去搜集抗源; ③. 通过远缘杂交，从远缘植物中获得; ④. 人诱变创造。 ①Wild resources: wild species, wild relatives; Land races: old conserved cultivars (long term of natural selection); ②Centers of origin of specific crops: rich in genetic resources 2. 抗源的筛选经多年、多点的抗病性鉴定，找出抗病性强而稳定的广谱抗源

一、抗病育种的途径和方法 1. 引种Introduction (easiest) 2. 选择育种法Selection Breeding (easiest; for self-pollinated plants) 3. 杂交选育Cross breeding (convergent crosses for multiple resistance) 4. 远缘杂交Wide cross breeding (using genes not present in cult’s crops) 5. 回交转育法Backcross Breeding (Multiple backcross for multiple resistance; Breeding of multiple-line varieties) 6. 人诱变法 7. 应用生物技术Biotechnological Breeding: Somaclonal variation, protoplast fusion, gene-engineering (mapping, cloning, transfer of resistance genes), marker assisted selection, in vitro selection (test tube selection)

二、抗病育种件中的若干问题 1. 品种抗病性与丰产优质性状的结合问题 Integration of plant resistance and superior agronomic traits 2. 品种多抗问题 Multiple resistance (major genes plus minor genes) 3. 品种垂直抗病性的保持问题 Maintenance of vertical resistance 4. 品种水平抗病性的保持问题 Horizontal resistance

3. 品种垂直抗病性的保持问题 (1)抗源轮换Recycling of resistant varieties (2)抗源积累Pyramiding of resistant genes (multi-resistant gene varieties) (convergent cross/backcross) (3)多系品种或混合品种Multi-line varieties or bulk varieties (4)抗病品种的合理布局Deployment of resistant varieties (5)以上几种方法结合使用