Chapter 12 1 Genitourinary Reproductive Urinary System ROOT

Chapter 12 -1 Genitourinary Reproductive & Urinary System

ROOT • Cervico- cervix (cervicitis) • Mamma. Mammo, Masto- mammary gland (mastectomy) • Phallo- penis (phallopexy) • Balano- glans penis or glans clitoridis (balanitis) • Colpo- vagina (colpospasm) • Episio- vulva (episiotomy) • Hystero, Metra, Metro- uterus (metrocele)

ROOT • • Cysto- Bladder (cystocentesis) Nephro, Reni, Reno- kidney (nephralgia) Oophoro, Ovario- ovary (ovariorrhexis) Orchio, Orchido- testes (orchidectomy) Pyelo- renal pelvis (pyelopathy) Uretero- ureter (ureterolith) Urethro- uretra (urethrorrhea)

URINARY SYSTEM • ______ and _____waste • 2 kidneys: filters blood: -> urine • 2 ureters • Bladder • Urethra

KIDNEY • KIDNEYS (roots= nephr, ren, pyel) • Paired and bean shaped • Located on both sides of the vertebral column, beneath/behind the parietal peritoneum=______ • Fixed by renal fasciae and fat

KIDNEY • Dark reddish/brown • (cat = yellowish red)

KIDNEY - FUNCTION • Synthesize ______ and control rate of secretion • Maintain p. H of blood (Neutralizes) • Filter blood, waste products from metabolism, which is then excreted in the urine – ________ from the breakdown of proteins, toxic substances, mineral salts, excess glucose and water

KIDNEY - STRUCTURE • Concave medial surface is called the _____ (entrance for blood vessels, nerves, and ureter) • Surrounded by a capsule • The outer portion is called the_____, inner portion is the_______

The MEDULLA is made of MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS. The PAPILLA of the pyramids lead into the calyces. Between the medullary pyramids are extensions of the cortex called RENAL COLUMNS • RENAL PELVIS is a funnel-shaped reservoir made up of CALYCES which are sacs that collect urine that lead to the ureter • NOT IN ___________ (Calyces -> ureter)

KIDNEY - NEPHRON • Functional unit of the kidney is the NEPHRON (there are 1 million in each kidney) • The 2 main structures of the nephron are the _________ and the_________ • The corpuscle contains BOWMAN’S CAPSULE -> surrounds a round channel of capillaries collectively called the_________ • The capillaries are fed by arterioles.

KIDNEY - NEPHRON • TUBULES: PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, DESCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLE, ASCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLEY, DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, and COLLECTING TUBULE. • The collecting tubules lead into the papilla, which brings urine to the calyces.

KIDNEY • As blood passes into the glomerular capillaries, waste products pass through the capillaries into the tubules. The tubules can secrete substances back into the blood that are needed by the body. • Blood pressure affects the speed at which blood filters through the kidney – Shock -> decrease BP -> ________ blood filtration (stop kidney function) – High systemic pressure -> ________ damage

URETER • Each kidney has one that extends from the renal pelvis to the bladder (2 ureters total). • The place where the ureters enter the bladder is the________. The enter at an angle, or obliquely, and open and close as urine pulsates in, keeping the urine flowing in one direction toward the bladder. • Urine enters the bladder every 10 to 30 seconds in spurts that begin as _________ waves in the renal pelvis.

URETER • The walls of the ureters are made up of an outer fibrous tissue layer, two central layers of smooth muscle and a mucous membrane lining.

BLADDER • FUNCTION: ______ for urine, excretes urine into urethra • STRUCTURE: elastic, musculomembranous sac that lies in the pelvis – 3 layers of smooth m. • Size changes with the amount of urine that it contains • Opens into the urethra at the_____. The neck contains a sphincter muscle that controls urine flow. • _________= voiding of urine

URETHRA • Tubular canal that carries urine from the bladder to exit the body. In males, it also carries reproductive organ secretions. ______________ : opening btw vagina and clitoris in female and also present in males

Canine Urolithiasis • Narrower in males, making them more prone to blockages from UROLITHIASIS. • 3 sections in males • Prostactic • Membranous • Cavernous

URINE • Usually pale amber in color. • Horses, hamsters, rabbits have cloudy urine that has a basic p. H. • ______ water, the rest is waste products • Urinary output amount varies with species, temperature, water intake, work of the animal • Carnivores: acidic urine;

MALE REPRODUCTIVE • Male gonads: _____________ • Accessory structures – Ducts – Glands – Supporting structures • Ducts: epididymides, __________; ejaculatory ducts & urethra • Accessory sex glands: __________, prostate, bulbourethral (Cowper’s)

MALE REPRODUCTIVE GLAND • GONADS – TESTES (testicles) • Egg-shaped glands normally located in the sac-like SCROTUM • FUNCTION: ___________ and secrete TESTOSTERONE

• TUNICA ALBUGINEA – capsule (fibrous) that surrounds each testicle • SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES tube-like structures coiled in the TESTICLE that produce sperm • Interstitial cells: cells of LEYDIG _____________ _

MALE REPRODUCTIVE • TESTOSTERONE – – hormone that induces and maintains ________ characteristics – Influences ______________growth (massive head and shoulders, crest of withers, tusks on boars and horns on rams) – fluid and electrolyte metabolism as well – Excitatory effect on the kidney tubule and suppresses anterior pituitary secretions • CASTRATION – surgical removal of the testicles. Doing so in meat-producing animals after sexual maturity allows the fat content of the meat to increase

Male Female

SPERMATIC CORD • encases the_________ • Contains blood vessels, vas deferens, nerves and lymph vessels

EPIDIDYMIS- tightly coiled, tube-like structure that borders the testicle and acts as a place for sperm to mature, a place for sperm storage, and secretes a small portion of semen. VAS DEFERENS - tubes that continue from the tail of the epididymis up through the inguinal canal to the ejaculatory duct, where it meets up with the seminal vesicles

ACCESSORY ORGANS • ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS: – SEMINAL VESICLES – PROSTATE – BULBOURTHRAL GLANDS • EJACULATORY DUCTS– Tubes that join the vas deferens with the seminal vesicles. – Passes through the ________ gland.

ACCESSORY GLANDS • SEMINAL VESICLES– 2 twisted pouches lying on the dorsal and caudal surfaces of the bladder. Secrete the mucoid, liquid portion of the semen. • PROSTATE GLAND – secretes viscous substance (alkaline) that is the majority of seminal fluid. Surrounds the pelvic urethra. • BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/COWPER’S GLANDS – located caudal to seminal vesicles, and lie on each side of the pelvic urethra. Produce seminal fluid. – Large in boars – ________ don’t have this

Accessory Glands

SCROTUM • Pendulous, sac-like structure that houses the testicles in the inguinal region, however located more ventral to the anus • Less pendulous in the ________, ___________. • Separated into 2 sacs via the scrotal septum. • Maintains testicles at their proper temperature.

PENIS • Erectile tissue encased in a ________ capsule. • GLANS PENIS – terminal end of the penis. Provides stimulation. – Variations among species: cranial end of stallion’s has a bulge – Ram has a protrusion of the urethra past the glans – Bull and ram have a helmet shaped glans – Boar lacks a glans and ends in a corkscrew shaped – Dog has a bulbus structure that surrounds a bone in the penis called the____________.

PENIS

PENIS • ERECTION – dog and stallion have penises that contain mostly erectile tissue with little connective tissue. This allows an erection to be achieved via blood engorgement. – The bull, ram, and boar have very little erectile tissue, with mainly connective tissue. An erection is achieved when the ___________ is straightened due to high pressure within the urethra when it fills with seminal fluid. • URETHRA runs through the penis and carries both reproductive secretions and urine out of the body.