Chapter 11 Water Section 1 Water Resources Objectives

Chapter 11 Water

Section 1: Water Resources Objectives: Describe the _______of Earth’s water resources. Explain why _____ water is one of Earth’s limited resources. Describe the distribution of Earth’s ____ water. Describe the _______ between groundwater and surface water in a watershed.

Section 1: Water Resources The ____ Cycle Earth is often called “the _______ Planet” Water is all forms _____, and ______ Water is ___________resource.

Section 1: Water Resources ______ Water Distribution _____% of Earth’s surface is covered with water Nearly _____% of Earth’s water is salt water About _____% of Earth’s fresh water is frozen in _______ and polar icecaps

Section 1: Water Resources _____Water Is fresh water on Earth’s land _____; found in lakes, rivers, streams, and _________. _______ Systems ______ form as water from falling _______ and melting snow drains from mts, hills, plateaus, and plains As _____ and rivers move across the land, they form flowing _______ of water called river system. Watersheds The area of land that is ______ by a river is known as a watershed. The amount of water that enters a watershed ______ throughout the _____.

Section 1: Water Resources Groundwater Water _____ beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and _____ formations Aquifers An _______ formation that contains groundwater Most consist of materials such as rock, ____, and gravel that have a lot of spaces where _____can accumulate

Section 1: Water Resources Groundwater The ______ Zone The area of the Earth’s surface where water _______ down into the aquifer is called the recharge zone. Are environmentally ______ areas because any pollution in the recharge zone can also enter the _____. Wells A hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater is called a _____. Wells are drilled to extend below the ______ table.

Section 2: Water Use and Management Objectives: Identify patterns of ______ water use. Explain how water is ______ so that it can be used for drinking. Identify how water is used in _____, in industry, and in _________. Describe how _____ and water diversion projects are used to manage ________ resources. Identify ____ ways that water can be conserved.

Section 2: Water Use and Management Global Water Use 3 major uses for water: _____________________ use Most of the fresh water used worldwide is used to ________crops. Globally, about ____% of water is used by households for drinking and washing.

Section 2: Water Use and Management ________ Water Use The average person in the U. S. use about _____L of water every day, such as _______, cooking, washing, and _______ flushing. Water Treatment Most water must be treated to make it safe to drink (______) Water treatment plants _______ harmful elements found in polluted water, such as ______, which are organisms that cause illness or ______.

Section 2: Water Use and Management ________ Water Use Accounts for ____% of water used in the world Used to manufacture goods, to _____ of waste, and to generate _____ Most of the water that is used in industry is used to _______ power plants

Section 2: Water Use and Management Agricultural Water Use Accounts for ____% of the water used in the world. As much as ___% of water used in agriculture evaporates and never reaches plant roots. Irrigation A method of providing plants with ______ from sources other than direct precipitation. Water-filled _____ High-pressure overhead ________

Section 2: Water Use and Management Water ______ Projects Water Diversion Projects To supply dry regions with ______, all or part of a ____ can be diverted into canals that carry water across great distances. Water can be diverted for _____ and drinking water Dams & Reservoirs Dam is a structure built across a river to _____ the river’s flow. Used to generate _____ energy An artificial lake, or ______, is formed behind the dam.

Section 2: Water Use and Management Water __________ Is one way that we can help ensure that everyone will have enough water at a reasonable price. Water Conservation in ______ Most water loss comes from ______, seepage, and _______ irrigation systems deliver small amounts of water directly to plant roots

Section 2: Water Use and Management Water Conservation in ______ Water is becoming more ________ Most widely used involve the ________ of cooling water and wastewater Water Conservation at ____ Water-saving technology, such as low-flow _____ and shower heads, help reduce ____ use. Water lawns at _____ to reduce water lost to evaporation Xeriscaping involves designing a _______ that requires minimal water use.

Section 2: Water Use and Management Solutions for the Future _______ The process of removing ____ from salt water Heat salt water and collect the ____ water that evaporates Too ______ for many nations to consider Transporting Water Scientist are exploring the possibility of filling huge bags with water from _____ rivers and then towing the bags down the coast to California People have considered towing ______ to communities that lack fresh water.

Section 3: Water Pollution Objectives: Compare _______ pollution and nonpoint-source pollution. Classify water pollutants by ____ types. Explain why _______ pollution is difficult to clean. Describe the _____ sources of ocean pollution, and explain the effects of pollution on _______. Describe ____ major laws designed to _____ water quality in the United States.

Section 3: Water Pollution Water ____ Is the introduction of _____, physical, or biological agents into water that _____ water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water. You cannot tell if a body of water is ______ by the way that the water looks or _____. Industry is usually not the major cause of water ______ in developing countries. Comes from ______ types of sources: ___________ sources

Section 3: Water Pollution Point-Source ______ Pollution discharged from a _____ source. a _____ Wastewater ______ plant Leaking oil ______

Section 3: Water Pollution Nonpoint-Source _________ Comes from many _______sources that are often difficult to identify A _____ can be polluted by runoff from any of the land in its water shed. ____% of polluted bodies of water in the US were contaminated by nonpoint sources

Section 3: Water Pollution Principal Water Pollutants (Table 5 on p. 286) _________ Organic matter _________ Inorganic chemicals Heavy ______ Physical agents

Section 3: Water Pollution Wastewater Is water that contains _____ from homes or industry Treating _______ Most of the water contains __________ material that can be broken down by living organisms Plants may not remove all of the ______ substances in water Sewage ______ The _____ material that remains after treatment It is often incinerated, and then the ash is buried in secure landfill. Can be used as _______, and clay can be added to make bricks

Section 3: Water Pollution Artificial _________ When lakes and ________ streams contain an abundance of nutrients, are eutrophic. __________ is a natural process when organic matter builds up in a body of water, and begins to decay and ________. eutrophication is accelerated from _________ and fertilizer runoff.

Section 3: Water Pollution _______ Pollution When the _______ of a body of water, such as a lake or stream, _______. Can occur when ____ plants and other industries use water in their cooling systems and then discharge the warm water into a lake or _____. If temps rise even a _______ degrees, the amount of oxygen the water can hold decreases significantly.

Section 3: Water Pollution _________ Pollution ______ usually enter groundwater when polluted surface water percolates down from the Earth’s surface. Cleaning Up _______ Pollution Most challenging environmental problems that the _____ faces Groundwater is also difficult to ________ because the water is dispersed throughout large areas of rock and sand.

Section 3: Water Pollution _____ Pollution Pollutants are often ______ directly into the oceans _____and wastewater overboard Oil Spills Have _______ effects Responsible for only about ___% of oil pollution in the oceans Most comes from ____ and towns

Section 3: Water Pollution and ______ Water pollution cause immediate _____ to an ecosystem _________ is the accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain One reason why many US states limit the amount of ____ that people can eat from certain bodies of water Cleaning Up Water Pollution Clean Water Act of ______ Many _____ metals are now removed from wastewater before the water is discharged. Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of _______ Oil Pollution Act of _______