Chapter 11 Understanding and Preventing Diseases Textbook page

Chapter 11 Understanding and Preventing Diseases Textbook page 332

Essential Question What causes communicable and noncommunicable diseases, and how can you prevent them? Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Understanding Communicable Disease • Communicable diseases are infectious, which means they can be transmitted to you – Develop after contact with humans, animals, or plants with a disease – Caused by pathogens, or germs nobeastsofierce/Shutterstock. com Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Types of Pathogens Bacteria Viruses Live in almost every place where life can thrive Depend on other cells’ resources for growth Most bacteria are helpful Quickly multiply to cause a virus Fungi Protozoa Live in damp, warm places Single-celled organisms that live everywhere Only a few cause disease A few cause extremely dangerous diseases Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Treating Communicable Diseases • To treat bacterial infections, many doctors prescribe antibiotics • The best treatment methods for viral infections include rest, good nutrition, and fluids – Medications can treat symptoms, but not the virus itself Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lesson 11. 2 Textbook page 341 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Sexually Transmitted Infections • Communicable diseases that spread from one person to another during sexual activity are called sexually transmitted infections (STIs) – Engaging in sexual activity one time is all it takes to contract an STI – People with more sexual partners have greater chances of getting an STI Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

STI vs STD STI and STD are sometimes used interchangeably. Both refer to any illness that is transmitted through sexual contact. STI – sexually transmitted infection STD – sexually transmitted disease

STI vs STD While the term STD has been around a long time, STI is becoming increasingly popular. Some people think that this newer term helps minimize embarrassment about these illnesses; it's less harsh to talk about an infection than a disease. Secondly, it helps emphasize that many sexually transmitted diseases can be transmitted by those who are infected but do not show clinical signs of the disease.

Learning Targets After studying this lesson, you will be able to • understand how people contract sexually • • transmitted infections (STIs). Identify the only 100% way to avoid contracting an STI is abstinence describe the most commonly reported STIs. identify potential STI resources. explain treatment methods for STIs. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Ways to Prevent STIs You Can Choose Not to Have Sex You may not be ready for sex if: Your partner isn’t ready. You feel pressured. You’re not sure about it. Your can’t talk with your partner about it. You don’t have a way to protect yourself from STI’s and pregnancy. You need to get drunk or stoned to do it. Your partner wants to get drunk or stoned to do it.

Think About It… The only 100 percent effective way to prevent STIs is to practice abstinence • What are some influences that might prevent young people from practicing abstinence? Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Skills Check • Sexual activity refusal skills Practice Refuse Seek advice Reflect on potential risky situations Use a short, simple, honest, assertive response Remember that you do not need to face this alone Consider the words you might use ahead of time You may also walk away from the situation Talk to a trusted adult for guidance Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Preventing STIs • Using latex condoms can reduce the chances of contracting STIs – Condoms made of other materials are not effective prevention methods – A new condom must be used each time a person engages in sexual activity Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Ways to Prevent STIs If you choose to have sex, Use a condom Use lubricated latex or polyurethane condoms. Keep your condom in your purse or jacket pocket. Store your condoms in a dry place away from heat, or light. Check the expiry date on the package or condom box. Never use two condoms together. Never use a condom more than once. The only 100 percent effective way to prevent STIs is to practice abstinence

Common STIs • Chlamydia has few or no symptoms, which means it often goes undiagnosed – Can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women which can cause infertility – Can be treated and cured with antibiotics (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Chlamydia What is it? Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by bacteria. It is very common, especially among teenagers and young adults. Chlamydia can cause serious health problems. It has to be treated. How do you get it? You can get Chlamydia if you have unprotected oral, vaginal or anal sex with a person who already has the infection. If you are pregnant you can pass it on to your baby when you are giving birth.

Chlamydia How can you tell if you have it? You may have Chlamydia and not have any signs or symptoms. You can pass it on without even knowing that you have it. If you have Chlamydia and you do have symptoms, you might notice: Female a change or an increase in discharge from your vagina an itchy vagina a little bit of bleeding even when it is not time for you period bleeding during or after you have vaginal sex pain in you lower abdomen, pain when you urinate

Chlamydia If you have Chlamydia and you do have symptoms, you might notice: Male a burning feeling when you urinate a watery or milky discharge coming out of your penis burning or itching around the hole of your penis pain in your testicles How do you get tested? If you are female, a doctor or nurse will check for infection by taking a swab from the cervix or they may ask you for a urine sample. If you are male, the doctor or nurse will ask you for a urine sample or they may swab the urethra.

Chlamydia How is it treated? It can be cured with antibiotics. It is important to tell your sexual partner[s] that you have Chlamydia. They also need to be treated. You and your partner should not have sex until you have completed treatment and have been told that the infection is gone. Even if you are treated for this infection, you can get it back if you have sex with someone who is infected or has not been treated.

Chlamydia Long-term effects? In women, chlamydia can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), which means that the infection has spread to the reproductive organs. Chlamydia can cause problems getting pregnant or during pregnancy, including miscarriage, preterm birth and low birth weight. Sometimes, the infection can be passed from mother to child during birth, causing a lung or eye infection or even pneumonia. For men, chlamydia can sometimes cause prostate swelling and inflammation of the urethra and Epididymis. In very rare cases, it can cause infertility in men.

Common STIs • A bacterial infection that affects the genitals, rectum, and throat is gonorrhea – Common among people between 15 and 24 years of age – Typically few symptoms, but any that do develop vary between males and females (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Gonorrhea What is it? Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by bacteria. Gonorrhea can cause serious health problems. It has to be treated. Gonorrhea can infect the penis, rectum, throat, eyes or cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus. The rectum is the lower part of your intestines. How do you get it? You can get gonorrhea if you have unprotected oral, vaginal or anal sex with a person who already has the infection. If you are pregnant you can pass it on to your baby when you are giving birth.

Gonorrhea How can you tell if you have it? You may have gonorrhea and not have any signs or symptoms. You can pass it on without even knowing that you have it. If you have gonorrhea and you do have symptoms, you might notice: Female a change or an increase in discharge from your vagina a little bit of bleeding even when it is not time for you period bleeding during or after you have vaginal sex pain in you lower abdomen pain when you urinate

Gonorrhea If you have Gonorrhea and you do have symptoms, you might notice: Male a burning feeling when you urinate a thick greenish-yellow discharge coming out of your penis burning or itching around the hole of your penis pain in your testicles How do you get tested? If you are female, a doctor or nurse will check for infection by taking a swab of the cervix [the opening to the uterus] or they may ask you for a urine sample. If you are male, the doctor or nurse will ask you for a urine sample or they may swab the urethra [the opening of the penis].

Gonorrhea How is it treated? It can be cured with antibiotics. You should tell you sexual partner[s] that you have gonorrhea. They need to get treated too. A lot of people who have gonorrhea also have the STI called chlamydia. You and your partner[s] may need to be treated for chlamydia too. You and your partner should not have sex until you have completed treatment and have been told that the infection is gone. Even if you are treated for this infection, you can get it back if you have sex with someone who is infected or has not been treated. .

Gonorrhea Long-term effects? Untreated gonorrhea can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) in women, which can cause chronic pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

Common STIs • Syphilis is a bacterial infection that causes serious health problems – Develops in stages of sores and a rash – Can be cured through antibiotics – Uncured, late-stage syphilis can cause brain damage, paralysis, and fatal heart, liver, and blood vessel damage (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Syphilis What is it? Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria which are most often sexually transmitted. It can cause serious health problems. It has to be treated.

Syphilis How do you get it? You can get syphilis if you have unprotected oral, vaginal or anal sex with a person who already has the infection. Syphilis causes painless sores on the genitals or they can be hidden in the mouth, vagina or rectum. It can also cause a rash anywhere on the body. The infection is spread through contact with the sores or rashes. If you are pregnant and have syphilis, you can pass on the infection to you baby before it is born or during birth, sometimes causing birth defects or death.

Syphilis How can you tell if you have it? In most cases the first symptom is a sore that doesn’t hurt. It is called a chancre. You may notice this sore. The sore goes away even if it is not treated but you still have the infection. Later you may get a body rash and feel like you have the flu. These symptoms will also go away even if they are not treated. If you don’t treat the syphilis, you may get very sick. Untreated syphilis can lead to damage to the heart, the brain and other organs of the body and may even cause death.

Syphilis How do you get tested? You can get a special blood test. How is it treated? You should be treated for syphilis as soon as you find out that you have it. Syphilis can be cured with antibiotics, usually penicillin. You will need to get penicillin injections. It is important to finish your treatment. You should tell you sexual partner[s] that you have syphilis and they need to be tested and treated too. Once you have been treated for syphilis, you will need to go for blood tests to make sure that the medication worked and that you are cured of the infection.

Syphilis Long-term effects? Untreated Syphilis can cause potentially life-threatening complications, and permanent damage to the brain, heart, bones, and blood vessels. Sometimes, syphilis can cause mental disorders or neurological problems. In very rare cases, untreated syphilis infection can be fatal. Syphilis is curable with antibiotics but over time it can cause permanent damage to your health, so it’s important to get tested for STIs. Pregnant women can pass syphilis on to their unborn children, and children infected with syphilis at birth or before have what is called congenital syphilis. Congenital syphilis is very serious, and can cause serious complications or death. Because Syphilis can cause lesions and sores on the genitals or anus, it increases the risk of HIV transmission.

Common STIs • Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most commonly contracted STI The body fights and eliminates most HPV viruses can cause genital warts or cervical cancer An HPV vaccine can reduce the risk for infection Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

HPV What is it? HPV is short for Human Papillomavirus. It is the virus that can cause warts or lead to cancer. There are many different types of HPV which can infect different parts of the body. The different types can affect your body in different ways. You can have more than one type at a time. Genital warts may grow on your penis, scrotum and thighs or inside or outside the vagina or anus. HPV has been found to affect the cells of the cervix and potentially lead to cancer. It has also been found to contribute to other cancers, such as anal, penile and vaginal.

HPV How do you get it? You can get HPV if you have oral, vaginal or anal sex with a person who already has the virus. You can also get HPV from other sexual activity with skin to skin contact. Your partner may not have visible warts but can still spread the virus. A lot of sexually active people have HPV or will have it over their lifetime. How can you tell if you have it? You can pass on the virus without even knowing you have it. If you find warts on your genitals they may look like bumps which can be cauliflower like. Some warts are very hard to see. A doctor or nurse can do an exam to find them.

HPV How do you get tested? A doctor or nurse can tell if you have genital warts by looking at them. Some types of HPV can cause changes to a female’s cervix. In some people these changes may lead to cancer of the cervix. A doctor or nurse can do a PAP test to check your cervix. They will gently take some cells from your cervix. If you are having sex, or have had sex previously, it is important to have a PAP test once a year or until you doctor determines that the time period between PAPs can increase.

HPV How is it treated? Right now, there is no cure for HPV, but there are treatments for the things HPV causes – warts and changes in the cervix. Genital warts don’t have to be taken off. If you want the warts taken off there are different ways a doctor or nurse can do this: Put a liquid directly on the warts – it has to be done many times before the warts go away Freeze the warts Burn the warts Remove the warts surgically Even if they are treated there is a chance they can come back

HPV Vaccine If you are female, and between 9 -26 years of age, you can protect yourself against some types of HPV with a vaccine. It is given by a needle in three doses. The HPV vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV. Even if you are vaccinated it is still possible that you will become infected with other types of HPV. It is still very important for you to continue to have regular PAP tests and use condoms for vaginal, anal and oral sex.

Common STIs • Trichomoniasis is a protozoa infection Extremely curable with prescription drugs More common among women than men Men often show no symptoms, but can reinfect sexual partners (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Trichomoniasis What is it? Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection. It is important to treat trichomoniasis because it can lead to serious health problems. It can cause an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes known as pelvic inflammatory disease which can lead to infertility. How do you get it? You can get trichomoniasis if you have unprotected vaginal sex with a person who already has the infection. If you are pregnant trichomoniasis can cause your baby to be born early or weigh less than normal.

Trichomoniasis How can you tell if you have it? You may have trichomoniasis and not have any signs or symptoms. You can pass it on without even knowing that you have it. If you have trichomoniasis and you do have symptoms, you might notice: Female a strange discharge from your vagina an itchy vagina pain during vaginal sex burning when you urinate

Trichomoniasis If you have Trichomoniasis and you do have symptoms, you might notice: Male a burning feeling when you urinate slight discharge coming out of your penis burning or itching around the hole of your penis How do you get tested? If you are female, a doctor or nurse will check for infection by taking a swab from the vagina. If you are male, testing is not usually done.

Trichomoniasis How is it treated? It can be cured with antibiotics. It is important to tell you sexual partner[s] that you have trichomoniasis. They also need to be treated. You and your partner should not have sex until you have completed treatment and have been told that the infection is gone. Even if you are treated for this infection, you can get it back if you have sex with someone who is infected or has not been treated.

Trichomoniasis Long-term effects? In rare cases, trichomoniasis can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can cause infertility, chronic pelvic pain or ectopic pregnancy. If a pregnant woman is infected with Trichomoniasis, it may cause premature delivery or low birth weight. Trich can cause small sores and inflammation, which can increase the risk of HIV transmission. Detection and treatment of a Trichomoniasis infection will help lower your risk of contracting HIV.

Common STIs • Two kinds of herpes simplex virus cause genital herpes infections – Usually mild or no symptoms – Outbreaks include blisters that appear at the infection site, burst, heal, and return – No cure, but medication can control outbreaks (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Herpes What is it? Herpes is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus [HSV]. There are two types of HSV, types 1 and 2. They can cause painful sores around the mouth which are called cold sores. They can also cause sores on the genitals. This in know as genital herpes.

Herpes How do you get it? You may get it by kissing someone who has a cold sore. You may get herpes in your genital area if you have oral sex with someone who has cold sores. You may also get herpes in your eyes, mouth and genitals by touching the sores. You can pass on the virus when you have sores on your mouth or genitals that are easy to see but you can also pass on the infection without having any sores. If you are pregnant, you can pass the virus to you baby during pregnancy or when you give birth.

Herpes How can you tell if you have it? A large number of people infected with herpes will not have symptoms and therefore you may not know you have it. If you have herpes symptoms you will most likely feel itching or tingling on your skin and then develop painful blisters that turn into sores. It will heal by itself. When you first have an outbreak of herpes, you may also feel like you have the flu and symptoms may last several weeks. Can it keep coming back? Yes, the first outbreak of herpes is usually the worst.

Herpes How do you get tested? A doctor or nurse checks your sores. They may also take a swab from your sores. In some places, the doctor may order a blood test to help in the diagnosis of herpes. How is it treated? It cannot be cured but it can be managed. There are medications that may help to prevent outbreaks or reduce the length of time that an outbreak lasts. The doctor may also prescribe a medication for pain if your outbreaks are severe.

Herpes Long-term effects? There is no cure for Herpes, but frequency and severity of infections can be partially managed with medication. By themselves, HSV-1 and HSV-2 are generally not considered a serious health risk. However, in very rare cases, the Herpes Simplex Virus can cause serious illness. Infected pregnant women can pass the virus to infants during birth, causing lesions and possibly life-threatening infections of the central nervous system of the baby. In a very small number of cases HSV can cause meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and herpes infection of the eye can cause scarring of the cornea and even blindness.

LGV What is it? LGV is short for lymphogranuloma vernerum. It is a sexually transmitted infection that recently began showing up in Canada. It is caused by a certain type of chlamydia bacteria. LGV can cause serious health problems. It has to be treated. How do you get it? You can get LGV if you have unprotected oral, vaginal or anal sex with a person who already has the infection.

LGV How can you tell if you have it? A painless sore or lump may appear where the bacteria has entered the body. The sore or lump can be painless and may be inside you. It can clear up without treatment, but even if it does, you may still have the infection and should receive treatment. In the second stage you may develop flulike symptoms, your lymph nodes may become swollen and there may be discharge from the genital and/or anal area. If left untreated, LGV can cause genital and/or anal scarring that may need surgery. In rare cases it can even cause death.

LGV How do you get tested? If you are female, a doctor or nurse will check for infection by taking a swab from the cervix [the opening to the uterus]. If you are male, the doctor or nurse may swab the urethra [the opening of the penis] or take a urine test. Male or female, the doctor or nurse may also take a swab from your anus or throat. A blood test may also be needed.

LGV How is it treated? It can be cured with antibiotics. It is important to tell your sexual partner[s] that you have LGV. They also need to be treated. You and your partner should not have sex until you have completed treatment and have been told that the infection is gone. Even if you are treated for this infection, you can get it back if you have sex with someone who is infected or has not been treated.

Pubic Lice/Scabies What is it? Pubic lice are also known as “crabs”. They are usually found around the genitals in the pubic hair. Lice look like tiny crabs. They are grey or brownish red. Lice live by feeding on human blood. They lay their eggs at the base of the hair. Their eggs are called nits. Scabies are tiny mites that burrow below the surface of the skin and lay eggs. You can’t see scabies but a rash and itching are common symptoms.

Pubic Lice/Scabies How do you get it? Pubic lice and scabies are transmitted both by sexual and non-sexual contact. An example of non-sexual contact is sharing towels with an infected person. Pubic lice and scabies can live on object such as towels, bedding and mattresses.

Pubic Lice/Scabies How can you tell if you have it? If you have pubic lice or scabies the parts of the body that have been infected may feel itchy. For pubic lice, you might see tiny light brown insects or oval, whitish eggs on the hair. For scabies, itching occurs mainly at night and a rash may appear between you fingers, on your wrists, abdomen, ankles, on the bend of you elbows or around you genitals. How do you get tested? You can usually tell if you have pubic lice by finding the adult lice or eggs on the hair. If you are not sure if you have pubic lice or scabies, see a doctor or nurse.

Pubic Lice/Scabies How is it treated? Pubic Lice and scabies are treated with special creams, lotions or shampoos available at the drug store. Ask the pharmacist for help and then follow the directions carefully. Your partners, friends and family may also have lice or scabies and have to be treated too. You will need to: dry clean or machine wash all of your clothing in hot water wash all bed linen in hot water store quilts and blankets for one week in closed plastic bags if you cannot wash them vacuum everything that has been in contact that you cannot wash [mattress, carpets, etc. ]

Pubic Lice/Scabies Long-term effects? It won’t go away on its own. Persistent scratching of irritated skin cause a secondary bacterial infection.

Hepatitis B What is it? Hepatitis is a virus. It can cause a serious infection of the liver. How do you get it? You can get hepatitis B from an infected person through their blood, semen, vaginal fluid or saliva. The virus can be passed on through vaginal, oral or anal sex with a person who has the infection. Hepatitis B can also be passed on by sharing personal items, like toothbrushes and razors, or by sharing needles or tattoo equipment. A pregnant woman can pass hepatitis B on to her baby.

Hepatitis B How can you tell if you have it? You can have hepatitis B and not have any signs or symptoms. You can still pass the virus on without knowing it. If you have hepatitis B, you might notice: you feel tired you have pain in your abdomen your urine or stool (poop) is a strange colour your skin is yellow you are not very hungry you feel like throwing up

Hepatitis B How do you get tested? You can get a special blood test. Hepatitis B Vaccine You can protect yourself against hepatitis B. There is a vaccine that protects you. It is given by needle. It takes three needles and several months before you are protected. If you are at risk for getting hepatitis B you and your partner(s) should ask a doctor or a nurse for these needles.

Hepatitis B How is it treated? There is no cure for hepatitis B. If you have hepatitis B, you might need to change the way you eat and also stop drinking alcohol. Most people with hepatitis B do get better. When you are better, you do not pass the virus on to others. Most people with hepatitis B fight the infection off within 6 months. During this time they can pass it on to others. Once the body fights off the infection you are protected from ever getting the virus again and cannot pass it on to others. Some people cannot fight off the infection and will have it for life; they are called chronic carriers. Carriers of hepatitis B can transmit the virus to others all their life. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to severe liver damage and cancer of the liver.

Hepatitis B Long-term effects? Hepatitis B can cause permanent damage to the liver, including cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer or liver failure. Pregnant women who carry the virus can pass it to their infants during birth; however, treatment exists that can help prevent transmission from an infected mother. In Canada, pregnant women are routinely tested for hepatitis B infection before giving birth. People with weakened immune systems because of HIV infection are at a much higher risk of developing a chronic hepatitis infection.

Treating STIs Most STIs are easily treated, especially in their early stages Treatment does not make a person immune to STIs • Bacterial STIs are treatable through antibiotics • Viral STIs can be controlled but not cured with antiviral medications • A person can contract this STI again if exposed to it another time • A person can also still contract a different STI Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

STI Resources • Doctors can provide tests for STIs and provide treatment • Public and private health programs often cover diagnosis, treatment, and prevention • Some schools may provide sexual health and wellness programs Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lesson Review • True or false? Sadie cannot contract an STI from engaging in sexual activity just one time. • false • While _____ is the only 100 percent effective method for preventing STIs, a _____ can also reduce the chances. • abstinence; latex condom Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lesson 11. 3 HIV/AIDS

Learning Targets After studying this lesson, you will be able to • distinguish between HIV and AIDS. • understand the transmission of HIV. • describe the signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS. (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Learning Targets After studying this lesson, you will be able to • explain testing procedures for diagnosing HIV/AIDS. • identify treatment methods for HIV/AIDS. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Understanding HIV and AIDS • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that kills cells, weakening the body’s immune system • Does not always lead to AIDS, but can in some cases AIDS • Sometimes, HIV leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) • This is an often fatal disease in which the body cannot fight infections and diseases HIV (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Understanding HIV and AIDS • When a laboratory test detects the presence of HIV antibodies in a person’s blood, this person is HIV-positive – This does not necessarily mean that a person has or will have AIDS Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

HIV What is it? HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks your body’s immune system leaving it unable to fight certain infections. People with healthy immune systems can fight these infections off; people with HIV may not be able to. When a person has HIV and becomes sick from one or more of these infections, they have AIDS. A person with HIV may not develop AIDS for many years.

HIV How do you get it? You can only get HIV by having the virus enter your bloodstream. The virus can be found in and transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluid or breast milk. You can get HIV by having unprotected sex (vaginal, anal or oral), by sharing needles or other drug use equipment (cookers, water, filters, etc. ) and razors or toothbrushes that have blood on them. If you are female you can pass the virus on to your baby during pregnancy or while breast feeding. HIV CANNOT be passed through casual contact such as hugging, kissing, shaking hands, sharing food or toilet seats.

HIV Transmission HIV can be found in HIV is not found in • blood (including needles for drugs, tattoos, or piercings) • semen • vaginal fluids • breast milk • open sores on skin, in the mouth, or on genitals • tears • saliva (kissing, spitting, sharing food) • sweat • mosquitos • healthy, intact skin (shaking hands, using the same toilet seat, etc. ) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

HIV How can you tell if you have it? You can have HIV and not know it because you may have no symptoms for many years. You may develop a mild flu, 2 -4 weeks after becoming infected. If you had risky behaviour as listed above you many want to get tested. It is important to wait for 12 weeks after your last risky behaviour or the test may not be accurate. Remember, you could still pass on the virus to someone else without knowing you have it.

Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS • Early symptoms of HIV include fatigue and swollen, painful lymph nodes • HIV destroys immune system cells, which cause opportunistic infections • HIV-positive people whose infection progresses to AIDS slowly are long-term non-progressors Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

HIV How do you get tested? You can get a special blood test. How is it treated? Though there is no cure for HIV, treatment has progressed dramatically. People who are infected with HIV are living longer without opportunistic infection or other serious diseases

Testing for HIV/AIDS • HIV testing is the key to controlling HIV/AIDS transmission – Quick tests are available in doctors’ offices and hospitals – An over-the-counter version to use at home is available at some drug stores Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

HIV Long-term effects? HIV is an incurable, fatal disease. However, HIV/AIDS treatment is rapidly improving, and people treated for HIV now live longer, healthier lives than before. AIDS itself does not cause death, but it weakens the immune system so that a person’s body cannot defend itself against other illnesses. There are many causes of death for people with AIDS, including opportunistic infections, cancers, pneumonia, hepatitis, and lung, cardiovascular and kidney conditions.

Health Alert! Modern medication can greatly extend an HIV-positive person’s life span 79 A person without HIV A person with HIV dianogised at age 20 taking current HIV medications 71 A person with HIV diagnosed at age 20 not taking current HIV medications 32 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Average Years of Life Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS • The same methods used to prevent other STIs also help prevent HIV/AIDS – Abstinence is 100 percent effective – Latex condoms will help reduce risk • HIV/AIDS is treated with anti-retroviral therapy (ART), but cannot be cured Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lesson Review • Sometimes HIV can progress to a disease called _____. • AIDS • True or false? HIV can be transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, breast milk, sweat, and saliva. • false (continued) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

Lesson Review • What is the name for HIV-positive people whose infections progress slowly to AIDS? • long-term non-progressors • What is the main treatment method for HIV/AIDS? • anti-retroviral therapy (ART) Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.