Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers Section

Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers

Section I Industrial Revolution

Shift from Agriculture to Industry • At the time of the American Revolution, the U. S. • • relied on an agricultural economy New technology and inventions would make Thomas Jefferson’s dream of a simple agricultural society disappear The eventual rise of industry would change the course of American History forever

The Industrial Revolution • The rise of factories that used machines to produce goods caused great changes in the United States • It affected: – How people lived – How people earned money – What kinds of goods could be bought

The Revolution in Britain • Began in the mid-1700 s • Development of new sources of power (water, steam, coal) • Power-driven tools replace manuals • Changes to textile (cloth) industry came first

Textile Industry in Britain • New machines made thread or yarn and wove it into cloth – Prior, families would do this at home – Now factories sprung up and hired hundreds of workers to make textiles – Efficiency became key – Factory system (using machinery and workers together) produced large quantities of goods

British Secrets • British marketed their goods throughout the world at low prices – This helped investors make lots of money – The British carefully safeguarded their inventions – British Parliament passed laws making it illegal for any machines, plans for machines or skilled workers to leave Britain

Revolutionary Inventions • 1764: James Hargreaves & The Spinning Jenny

Revolutionary Inventions • 1769: Richard Arkwright Took the spinning jenny one step further and modified it to be water-powered

Revolutionary Inventions • 1786 – Edmund Cartwright develops a steampowered loom for weaving cotton • 1793 – American inventor invents the cotton gin which can remove seeds from cotton… this machine did the work of 50 people. Who did this?

Eli Whitney

The First Factories • Depended on the energy generated by running water – Factories had to be built on or near rivers – 1796 • James Watt of Scotland improved steam engines and made their use practical

Yet another REVOLUTION! • Oliver Evans of Delaware – In 1802, builds first high pressure steam engine for powering machinery – As a result of this engine… factories no longer had to be built near streams or rivers

A Very Familiar Item • The pencil would not have been possible without the Industrial Revolution • It was created in 1827 by Joseph Dixon of Massachusetts • Today, 2 billion pencils come from one of Dixon’s pencil factories

Industry in the United States • Did not make its way to the U. S. until the early 1800 s • Before that time, the U. S. mainly produced raw materials such as cotton, lumber, iron and wheat

American Revolution Days • Blacksmiths, weavers and carpenters used hand tools to complete work • Americans depended on British manufactured goods • British discouraged the development of Industrial technology

Industrial Frontier Opens for U. S. • After independence, nothing stopped the U. S. from becoming industrial • Some states offered rewards to British people for bringing secrets and knowledge of British machinery to the U. S. • The rewards offered drew some clever and adventurous inventors

Sharing the Secrets • As a 21 -year-old apprentice, Slater worked in Arkwright’s textile mill in England • He memorized the design of the machinery and traveled to the U. S. in disguise… why?

Sharing the Secrets • After arriving in New York, Slater offered his • • • services to Moses Brown was a wealthy Quaker who owned an inefficient cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island Within a year, Slater re-created from memory Arkwright’s cotton mill Thanks to the region’s rivers, the Northeast became the industrial center of the United States

Slater’s Mill Birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution

New Methods of Working • 1798 – Eli Whitney has another idea! – He invents a machine that made it possible for workers to cut pieces of metal in exactly the same shape every time – This opens a new door to gun manufacturing

Eli’s Interchangeable Parts • With such a device, each part of a gun could be made in large numbers – all exactly alike. – While some workers cut metal with patterns, others put the gun parts together. This dividing of jobs became known as division of labor • As a result, it also became easy to replace broken parts

A Much Better Way to Produce • Interchangeable parts, division of labor and • • other new manufacturing methods made mass production of goods possible Goods could be made in large quantities, in short time and at a low cost Before long, factories were mass producing wagon wheels, stoves, axes and other tools

The Lowell Landmark • 1813 – Francis Cabot Lowell builds the first U. S. textile mill using power looms in Waltham, Massachusetts – For the first time, the entire process of converting cotton into cloth took place in one building

Industrial Working Conditions • Many people left family farms and shops to work in the new factories • For some it was new opportunity, for others it was another miserable situation • Women & children made up the largest part of the factory work force because they could be paid less than men

• Since the pay was low, some entire families had to work at a factory to keep food on the table

Factory Working Conditions • Typical workday = 12 to 14 hours • Typical workweek = 6 days • Inside the factory: – Poor lighting – Poor ventilation – Unsafe

Skilled Craftsmen Become Scarce • As hand tools and jobs were replaced by machines • Instead of making delicate crafty works, people were performing the same routine tasks over and took little pride in their completed product • In an effort to fix some problems, workers began to form labor unions

Labor Unions -Sought to improve working conditions -Started by artisans, carpenters, shoemakers -Later unskilled workers and females joined unions

Cities Begin to Grow § In 1810, 90% of Americans still lived on farms § New York City became the largest city in the United States §Population 1810 = 96, 000 §Population 1830 = 161, 000 §Population 2005 = 8, 168, 000

Cities Begin to Grow • Cities offered: – More job opportunities – Better chance for education – Entertainment • Libraries • Theaters

More People, More Problems • Even in colonial times, cities had problems with: – Clean water – Fire protection – Public health – Crime – Overcrowding Things only get worse!

Hazards of Early American Cities • Dirt and gravel streets turned into mudholes • No sewers • People threw garbage in the streets • Disease spread EASILY!

Section II Americans Move Westward

The Move West Begins • Since the beginning of American history, the frontier continually moved westward • As the Atlantic coast crowded, people packed up and moved west “Some came in wagons and light carriages, overland; some on horseback; some in arks; some in skiffs; and some by steamboat, by New Orleans. ”

Worthless Farming Land • Another reason for migration west was because the soil in the east had been worn out due to overuse – Little was known about soil conservation

The Commonwealth of Kentucky • June 1, 1792 • Capital: Frankfurt • The Bluegrass State • “United we stand, divided we fall. ”

The Great State of Tennessee • June 1, 1796 • Capital: Nashville • Volunteer State • “Agriculture and Commerce. ”

The Great State of Ohio • March 1, 1803 • Capital: Columbus • The Buckeye State • “With God, all things are possible. ”

État de Louisiane • April 30, 1812 • Capital: Baton Rouge • Bayou State • “Union, justice and confidence. ”

The Great State of Indiana • December 11, 1816 • Capital: Indianapolis • The Hoosier State • “The crossroads of America”

The Great State of Mississippi • December 10, 1817 • Capital: Jackson • The Magnolia State • “Virtute et armis”

The Great State of Illinois • December 3, 1818 • Capital: Springfield • Land of Lincoln • “State sovereignty, national union”

The Great State of Alabama • December 14, 1819 • Capital: Montgomery • Heart of Dixie • Audemus jura nostra defendere *We dare defend our rights

Land! • Why did so many leave the east coast and come from Europe to the frontier? – CHEAP LAND WITH GOOD SOIL! – People came from all sections of the country • Cotton planters • Cattle ranchers • Merchants • Shopkeepers

Pathways to the West • Daniel Boone – 1775 – led group of 30 from Virginia across the Cumberland Gap (a natural pass through the Appalachian Mountains). – Boone’s party cleared a trail to central Kentucky • This became the main road to the west • By 1800, 20, 000 settlers traveled this primitive trail which became known as Wilderness Road

Transportation Systems Improve • Westward travel dramatically increased in the early 1800 s – Americans needed a reliable transportation system – People also wanted cheap, speedy transportation for goods to market

Primitive Roads • In New York and Pennsylvania – Companies constructed private roads called Turnpikes with the approval of state governments – These roads had spiked poles (pikes) that blocked the roads like gates – Travelers were charged a toll (charge for using the road) • Toll keepers would take the toll then open the pikes to allow travelers through • Within a short time, turnpikes connected several cities in the East and connected to rivers in the West

The National Road • Many people wanted areas to develop enough to gain statehood • 1806 – Congress approved government funds ($7 million) to construct the National Road – Construction began in 1811 – The road was “paved with” crushed stone and stone bridges

The National Road • At first it connected Cumberland, MD to Wheeling WV • From the first day it opened: “We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on this grand track towards Ohio, of family groups, behind and before us. ” The road moved west with the pioneers

National Road • 1830 – Congress voted to extend the road to Columbus, OH and later to Indianapolis – By 1852 the road stretched to Vandalia, Illinois – The road made it possible for people to travel in all types of weather • Crushed stone made water drain so that wagon wheels would not get stuck • Inns developed along the road

The National Road Today

Depending on Waterways • Water remained the main source of transportation • Prior to the 1820 s, travelers sailed, floated or poled their way downriver on flatboats and rafts. – Getting back upstream was a challenge – Teams of horses pulled boats upstream

Steam Replaces Sails • John Fitch – Designed a steamboat in 1785, but lacked financial backing to carry out ideas – In 1807, Robert Fulton incorporated some of Fitch’s design and built the Clermont

The Clarmont • Fulton launched the ship on the Hudson River – Traveled 150 miles upriver from NYC to Albany in 32 hours (amazing for that time period) – The return trip took only 30 hours – It was an immediate success – Soon, steamboats carried people and goods along the Mississippi and Great Lakes

Canal Connections • Moving heavy goods depended on canals • Shipping was much more efficient… why? • It took 4 horses to haul a 1. 5 ton load on a good road • It took 2 horses to pull a canal boat loaded with 50 tons

Canal Connections • While boats and barges were the efficient way, • • rivers were not always conveniently located Canal building was the answer A Canal is a channel dug out and filled with water to allow boats to pass through areas of land Canals connected natural bodies of water By 1815, canals connected several bodies of water

“Clinton’s Ditch” • De Witt Clinton, governor of New York along with other New Yorkers dreamed of a connection between the Great Lakes and the Hudson/Mohawk rivers • Clinton drew plans for what would become the Erie Canal connecting these bodies of water

“Clinton’s Ditch” • Clinton asked the state legislature to to fund the building of the canal • In 1817, construction began – Many people laughed at the idea, calling it a big ditch. They said that a canal 363 miles long and 4 feet deep would be useless – John Williams, a Detroit merchant had faith in the plan and wrote of his thoughts:

“The projected canal to connect the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Hudson River will no doubt greatly accelerate the population and prosperity of this country…” - John Williams

The Canal Opens

The Canal Opens • 1825 – Freight barge Seneca Chief traveled the Erie Canal from Buffalo to Albany then down the Hudson River to NYC – As celebration, Clinton proudly dumped a keg of water from Lake Erie into the Atlantic Ocean – By 1830, New York stood to make a huge profit from canal tolls

A Complete Success • The canal lowered the cost of moving a ton of goods from. 30 per mile to. 02 cents per mile • It opened a continuous water route linking the Great Lakes to NYC harbor – As a result, NYC became the major center for goods being shipped to Great Lakes Ports

A Canal of Inspiration • Due to the canal’s success – Pennsylvania opened its own system of waterways connecting Philadelphia with other parts of the state – Ohio and Indiana created waterways to link the Great Lakes to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers – New Jersey created canals to connect the Delaware and Raritan Rivers

Section III Unity and Division

Celebration of 1815 • Americans celebrated the 4 th of July lively ringing bells and waving flags after the win of the War of 1812 • Lively crowds sang patriotic songs and listened to rousing speeches

National Unity • The War of 1812 stirred strong feelings of Nationalism or feelings of pride and devotion • American’s thought more than ever of the interests needs and goals of the country to be independent and self-sufficient

The Era of Good Feelings • 1816 – Citizens supported the Republican Party – A Republican president and majority in congress placed power totally in their hands – Former Federalists such as John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) turned Republican

Election of 1816

James Monroe Job Title: President of the United States (5) Hometown: Westmoreland Co. , V. A. Term: March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1825

Election of 1816 • The U. S. was enjoying great prosperity by 1817 • At the inauguration, Monroe spoke of national unity and general agreement on nation issues. . He claimed that: “National Honor is National property of the highest value. ”

Election of 1816 • For a brief time, political rivalry seemed to fade away • Nationalism and unity was stronger than political party loyalties • By 1820, Federalist had vanished from national politics and president Monroe was re-elected without opposition

Madison’s Legacy • Madison expressed concern for the direction of • • the country after the War of 1812 Sounding like a Federalist, he insisted that limited government functioning could not meet the needs in time of national crisis Madison urged the federal government to guide the growth of trade and industry

A Split into Sections • Different regions of the country maintained different interest and priorities since the country was created • Three distinct areas develop in the early 1800 s: – The North – The South – The West

The Sections • The North – Northeast, New England, Middle Atlantic States • The South – Modern-day Southeast • The West – Area between Appalachians and Mississippi River

Sectionalism • The divisions grew deeper with time • People wondered if the sectionalism based on special interests would divide the nation • Three young members of congress emerge to play powerful roles in national politics in the first half of the 1800 s

• Henry Clay – Kentucky – representing the West • John C. Calhoun – South Carolina – representing the South • Daniel Webster – Massachusetts – representing the North

Trade Protection • Another problem was the flood of goods out of Britain following the War of 1812 – British factories usually turned out higher quality goods at cheaper prices – This left American manufacturers trying to compete • They soon called for high tariffs on imports to protect their interests

Trade Protection • Back to Hamilton’s Federalist ideas – 1816, congress passes a bill to impose a protective tariff designed to eliminate competition between U. S. manufacturers and Britain – The result was expensive British goods – American’s now preferred the cheaper American made goods

Sectional Disagreements • Congress passed the protective tariffs in 1818 & • 1824 that were higher than the ones in 1816 Southerners were angered thinking that the tariff protected Northern manufacturers at their expense – Prior, southerners had been able to buy cheaper goods from Britain – Now they had to buy from high priced northern manufacturers

Republicans Change • After Madison’s advisement – The Republican Party made a change from favoring states rights to championing federal power

Henry Clay of Virginia

The American System • Henry Clay, Republican Speaker of the House • proposed a nationalist program to improve the nation. His “American System” called for the economy of each section of the country to increase the power of the federal government including: – – – Higher tariffs Bank of the United States Internal improvements (roads, bridges, canals)

The American System • Clay designed this system to halt the growing sectionalism within the country • Some congressional areas were not so impressed with Clay’s proposals • Congress did not approve funds for internal improvements, but some parts of the system did make into law

Another National Bank • Republicans bring back the idea of a national bank • Madison had criticized Hamilton’s earlier national banking system, however, before leaving office he signed into law another National Bank – He personally saw the confusion that resulted from the closing of the first national bank in 1811

Second Bank of the United States • Officials of state banks acted unwisely – Making too many loans and allowed too much money into circulation – The result was inflation (rapid rises in the prices of goods) • Prices rose faster than incomes • People could buy less and less with each dollar • Also without a national bank, the federal government had nowhere safe to keep its funds • The new bank stabilized the money supply and helped American businesses grow

America’s Flag (1818)

Nationalism and the Supreme Court • Fletcher v. Peck – Rules that acts of a state government could be ruled void if they violated provisions of the constitution • Mc. Cullough v. Maryland – Ruled that the state of Maryland could not tax the local office of the Bank of the United States because it was the property of the national government

Mc. Cullough v. Maryland • Giving the ability of states to tax the federal • government would give states the power to destroy the national government The court also ruled that the national bank was constitutional even though it did not give the power to create one. It did give the power to issue money, borrow money and collect taxes…

Mc. Cullough v. Maryland • The conclusion was that the federal government could choose any method “necessary and proper” to carry out such functions • The result was the bank

Gibbons v. Ogden • New York granted a monopoly to a steamship operator running ships between New York and New Jersey. • This meant no competition and no other ships could run on the route • The Supreme Court ruled that only congress had the power to make laws governing interstate commerce (trade between states)

Section IV New Nations in the America

Canada Becomes a Nation • The French first settled Canada, Britain then controlled it as a colony since 1763 • In 1791, Britain divided the country in half – Upper Canada – settled by mainly Englishspeaking people – Southern Canada – settled mainly by Frenchspeaking people

Canada Becomes a Nation • In the 1800 s, Canadians united to rebel against British rule • Lord Durham, the governor of Canada advised the Parliament to unite Upper and Lower Canada and allow Canadians to control local affairs. Parliament agrees.

The Dominion of Canada

The Dominion of Canada • 1867 – Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec form Canada – Other provinces soon followed – Slowly, America’s northern neighbor becomes a nation

Revolution in Latin America • 1810 – Eager for Independence – Many reasons to be unhappy • Little say in government • Creoles – people born to Spanish parents

Independence in Latin America • As of 1800, the U. S. was the only independent country in the Americas • Mexican Rebellion 1810 – Finally won its freedom from Spain in 1821 – Other Latin American countries followed and by 1825 Spain had lost all of its colonies in Latin America except Cuba and Puerto Rico

Black Seminoles • Since 1700 s, Spanish officials protected slaves who escaped from Southern U. S. plantations • The slaves adopted many Indian customs • Negro Fort – 1000 black Seminoles – Jackson demanded it be destroyed • When they refused he sent troops to invade it

Agreement Over Florida • Americans wanted Florida for years • In 1818, Troops invaded Florida – Spain protested, but did little else – It was too busy fighting rebels in Latin America – It could not risk war with the U. S. – Spain agreed to peace talks – Florida was given the U. S. for 5 Million dollars – This exchange was called the Adams-Onis Treaty

The Monroe Doctrine • The U. S. quickly granted diplomatic recognition to the new nations of Latin America – Spain planned to recapture its colonies with the help of European allies – 1822, Austria, Prussia, Russia and France agreed to help Spain retake Latin America – U. S. leaders would not allow this to happen

Monroe Doctrine • 1823 – Secretary of State John Quincy Adams advised the President to make clear to the world the power of the United States in the Western Hemisphere – He wanted to warn European nations to keep out of the affairs in the hemisphere – The British welcomed the U. S. stand

Monroe Doctrine § In an address to Congress in 1823, he issued a bold address concerning the Monroe Doctrine § He said the U. S. would not interfere in the internal concerns of any European nations and also declared that: “The American continents… are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. ”

Reactions to the Monroe Doctrine • With the exception of Britain, this statement startled the rest of Europe – They were surprised and impressed at the boldness of the new nation – Americans felt proud of the Monroe Doctrine. It showed the political independence and its growing nationalism – This doctrine will become extremely important when the U. S. becomes a major sea power.