CHAPTER 11 The Environment INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Seventh Edition

CHAPTER 11 The Environment INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Seventh Edition Joshua S. Goldstein Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Global Warming n n n n Slow, long-term rise in average world temperatures Caused by emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases Also caused by fossil fuels and their by-products Greenhouse gases Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone Depletion 1987, Montreal Protocol (first agreement) Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Biodiversity n n n 1. 4 million species have been identified, but this is only a small fraction of total number, scientists believe Many species already extinct Loss of habitat International Agreements: 1971, Wetlands Convention 1973, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) International Whaling Commission Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

The Law of the Sea Territorial Waters n 12 miles for shipping n 200 miles for economic activities n Many conflicts, mainly because only about a dozen countries control most territorial waters n Antarctica n Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

State-Controlled Waters Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Natural Resources World Energy n Oil makes up 40 % of world energy consumption; Coal 30 %; and Gas 25 % n 1973, independent Middle East countries, which control about 2/3 of world oil, use their cartel to raise oil prices n Oil prices continue to rise, hurting industrialized economies n Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Per Capita Energy Consumption and Net Energy Trade, 2002 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Dividing the Caspian Sea Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Other Natural Resources Minerals: They are more evenly distributed throughout the world than oil n United States is most self-sufficient country in relation to minerals n Some minerals are concentrated in one country, e. g. , 2/3 of manganese (for steel) and chromium are in South Africa n Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Water 20 % of world’s population lacks safe drinking water n 80 countries suffer water shortages n Some rivers run through many countries, such as the Euphrates River through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq before reaching the Persian Gulf n Water also contains fish and other resources n Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Population n n n 6. 4 billion people on Earth in 2004 75 million more people every year 200, 000 more every day In 25 years, 7 to 8 billion 96 % of population growth will be in South Malthusian: population grows faster than food supply; thus, population growth limited by disease and famine Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

World Population Trends and Projections Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

The Demographic Transition Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006

Population and AIDS by World Region, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006