CHAPTER 11 ROME REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Lesson 1

CHAPTER 11: ROME: REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Lesson 1: The Founding of Rome

The Beginning of Rome • Roman rule extended throughout much of present-day Europe, Africa, and Asia. • The Settling of Italy: • Italy located along the Mediterranean • Easily assessable • Sunny, mild climate and fertile farmland • Mountain slopes level to large flat plains ideal for growing crops • Rome’s Location: • Romans settled on the Italian Peninsula • Looks like a high-heeled boot • Toe points to Sicily • The Alps are like shoe laces and separate Italy from northern Europe

• Apennines: mountain range that extends from north to south • Volcanoes overtake the south • Founded 15 miles from the Tiber River • River made it easily accessible to move goods up and down while also giving access to the Mediterranean Sea • Location made it easy to defend from enemy attacks • Roman Origins: • Founding of Rome has different legends • The Aeneid: • Written by Virgil • Takes place after the battle of Troy • Trojan Aeneas and soldiers escape to find new homeland • Settled in Italy and waged war • Married local girl • Marriage united Trojans with Latin speakers • Aeneas known as “father” of the Romans

• Second Legend: • Romulus and Remus • Left on the side of the river and found by a female wolf who took care of them • Then shepherd and wife found and raised them • Wanted to build city along the walls but argued • Remus ended up dying and Rome was named after Romulus • Third Possibility: • Possible evidence showing Neolithic people settled as early as 5000 B. C. but moved after depleting the land • 2000 B. C. and 1000 B. C other groups settled in pain called Latium they were called Latins • One build straw homes on Rome’s Hill • Settlement between 800 B. C. and 700 B. C. marks the birth of Rome • People called Romans

Influences of Greeks and Etruscans • After 800 B. C. the Greeks and Etruscans influenced the Roman civilization • 750 B. C. to 500 B. C. Greeks settled in farming villages in southern Italy • Introduced grape and olive farming • Greek alphabet • Architecture, art, and literature • Etruscans: • Settled Rome in Etruria • After 650 B. C. they moved south • Took control of Rome and surrounding areas • Controlled by nobles • Grew wealthy from trade and mining • Some devoted to study of arts • Skilled artisans worked with copper, iron, lead, and tin etc. • Even painted walls and some displayed violent battle scenes

• Taught Romans how to build with brick and roof homes with tiles • Laid out streets, built temples, style of clothing • Roman adapted their religion and use of cloaks and togas • Becoming a Republic: • 509 B. C. Romans overthrew Tarquin the Proud, the Etruscan king and established a republic • Republic: a form of government in which citizens elect their leaders • Was still a small city and was surrounded by different groups of people • Fought the next 200 years with these neighbors • 267 B. C. Rome controlled all of Italy • Had a strong army allowing them to conquer neighboring lands • Every male citizen who owned land had to serve the army • Strict and well trained soldiers • Romans developed their own strategies but at first borrowed some from the Greeks • Attacked from only one direction

Legions: reorganized their soldiers into smaller groups Each legion had about 6000 men Then divided into groups of 60 to 120 soldiers Well armed: • Gladius: Carried a short double-edged iron sword Pilum: iron spear • Each small group carried their own standard into battle • Demonstrated soldiers where they were suppose to be in the battlefield • Who Ruled Rome? • Built permanent military outposts to protect a conquered region • Built on high hills or at a river crossing • Built roads between settlements • Treated conquered people fairly • Roman Confederation: gave conquered people full Roman Citizenship • Could vote and serve in gov’t • Same as citizens under law • Conquered people became friends or allies • Paid taxes and were required to supply soldiers to fight for Rome • Could manage own local affairs • Policies allowed them to grow stronger and more unified • •

CHAPTER 11: ROME: REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Lesson 2: Rome As a Republic

Governing Rome • Early Romans divided into two classes • Patricians and plebeians • Patricians were the ruling class • Wealthy landowners • Came from the oldest and most prominent families • Plebeians: • Not as wealthy as patricians for the most part very poor • Included artisans, shopkeepers, and owners of small farms • Both had the right to vote • Required to pay taxes and serve in the army • Plebeians had a different social position

Government of the Republic • Roman Republic was organized into three branches: • One branch for making laws • One for running daily affairs of gov’t • One for judges • Its own checks and balances • There was no separation of powers • Head of government = two patrician consuls • Administrators and army leaders • Served a year in office • Each consul could veto the other’s decision • Praetors: interpreted the law and served as judges in court and could lead armies • Senate was Rome’s legislature • 300 patrician men • Served the Republic for life • 200 s B. C. debated foreign policy, proposed laws, and approved construction of roads and temples • Assembly of Centuries: elected consuls and praetors and passed laws

Conflict Between Classes • 494 B. C. plebeians went on strike and refused to fight in the army • Left Rome to create a government of their own • This scared patricians and power was divided • Council of Plebs: elected officials called tribunes • Voiced plebeians concerns to the government • Could veto government decisions • 287 B. C. able to pass laws for all Romans • All citizens considered equal but small rich families still hold lots of power • Women no political rights • Cincinnatus and Civic Duty: • Office of dictator was created • Consuls controlled gov’t decisions but during times of trouble dictator took complete control of Rome • Once crisis was averted then regular gov’t power would resume

• Most famous Roman dictator was Cincinnatus • Respected roman consul with loyalty to Rome • 458 B. C. Rome faced a threat and appointed him dictator • Created an army once appointed and defeated their enemy • Marched back to Rome once he defeated the enemy and resigned as dictator • Civic duty: the idea that citizens have a responsibility to help their country • Rome’s System of Law: • Laws were not written down at first • Brought in criticism from the plebeians • Wanted written laws as a guarantee that judges would made a legal decision • 451 B. C. adapted the Twelve Tables • Carved on twelve bronze tablets and placed in the Forum • Law of Nations: Laws that applied to non Roman citizens

Roman Justice • Person also assumed innocent until proven guilty • Could defend themselves before a judge • Rule of law: laws apply to everyone equally • Legal system should treat everyone equally • The Punic Wars: • Rome threatened by civilization in the Mediterranean region • Carthage: trading empire along north of African coast • Began with Phoenician trading colony in 800 B. C. • Covered parts of northern Africa and Southern Europe • Wanted to control entire Mediterranean world like the Romans • 264 B. C. entered a series of wars that lasted 120 years

The Punic Wars Begin • The First Punic War: Rome sought to control the island of Sicily • Carthaginians had colonies there and wanted to stop them • Used navy to protect land • Rome did not have a navy just an army • Created one in order to be able to fight their enemy • Built in a similar fashion with a moveable bridge on the front of the ship • Allowed soldiers to fight on decks of ships • Fought each other for 20 years at sea • 241 B. C. Roman’s defeated the Carthaginians on coast of Sicily • Hannibal Attacks: The Second Punic War • Carthage try to expand empire into Spain • Spain valuable with silver, copper, gold, lead and iron • Roman’s opposed Carthage attempt to establish near them • Sent Hannibal to attack Rome • 218 B. C. began the Second Punic War

• The Second Punic War: • Hannibal planned to fight Romans in Italy • Gathered army of 46, 000 men and 37 elephants • Sailed from Carthage to Spain and marched through Gaul (modern day France) • Crossed the Alps but didn't expect the cold and attacks from mountain tribes killing half the men and elephants • Remaining forces still reached Italy • 216 B. C. Hannibal defeated the Romans at the Battle of Cannae • Raided the country • Romans assembled army to stopthem • 206 B. C. Roman forces led by Scipio captured Spain and attacked Carthage • Defeated the Carthaginians in 202 B. C. at the Battle of Zama • Had to give up Spain and pay large sum of money • Rome was now the most powerful in the Mediterranean

The Third Punic War • • Carthage still considered a military threat 146 B. C. destroyed Carthaginian military 140 s B. C. Greece fall under Roman rule 20 years later acquire first province in Asia