Chapter 11 Review GENETICS Heterozygous person who does

Chapter 11 Review GENETICS

Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring carrier When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER like in A B blood type, it is called codominance ________ Codominance incomplete dominance

Another name for heterozygous hybrid The diagram at the right Punnett square is called a _______

DOMINANT _________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele Trait determined by more than two alleles Multiple allele trait

ALLELES ________ are different gene choices for a trait.

A dominant gene is represented by a ______ letter. capital (usually the first letter of the trait) When a heterozygous individual shows a blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called Incomplete dominance ____________.

When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is HETEROZYGOUS or _______ HYBRID _________ Trait determined by a gene located on an X chromosome X-linked trait

When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is HOMOZYGOUS or _______ PURE _________ (PURE-BREEDING) A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 trait is called a ______ monohybrid cross.

Crossing individuals from the P 1 generation produces the F____ generation. 1 Crossing individuals from the F 1 generation produces the F 2 generation. ____

X or Y chromosomes that determine sex of an individual Sex chromosomes Molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self” and provides blood types glycoproteins

Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome autosome The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has” genotype

RECESSIVE _________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele Trait determined by two or more genes POLYGENIC trait

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell; joining of an egg and sperm Fertilization specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another; trait

Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to selfpollinate PURE or PURE (TRUE) BREEDING

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits; Refers to organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt) HETEROZYGOUS or HYBRID

The separation of alleles when homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes SEGREGATION Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction; also called sperm and egg cells GAMETES

The random mixing of maternal and paternal chromosomes when homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I to form gametes (sperm or egg cells) during meiosis INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

RECESSIVE _________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele Trait determined by two or more genes POLYGENIC trait

A cross between heterozygous individuals with 2 traits is called a ______ cross. dihybrid

Who is the “Father of Genetics”? Gregor Mendel When 2 alleles DON’T BLEND but BOTH SHOW TOGETHER like in A B blood type, it is called codominance ________ Codominance incomplete dominance

Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called __________. heredity Genetics _______ is the study of how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next.

RECESSIVE = An allele _________ that IS MASKED BY the presence of another allele The appearance of an organism is its _______ phenotype

Another name for heterozygous hybrid The diagram at the right Punnett square is called a _______

DOMINANT _________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele Red and white flowers producing pink offspring is an example of Incomplete dominance ____________ Codominance incomplete dominance

A recessive gene is represented lower case by a _________ letter. What phenotypic ratio would you expect to see in offspring from a monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents? 3: 1 Dominant: recessive

A dominant gene is represented by a ______ letter. capital (usually the first letter of the trait) When a heterozygous individual shows a blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called Incomplete dominance ____________.

When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is HOMOZYGOUS or _____ PURE ________ What phenotype ratio is a clue that there has been a dihybrid cross between 2 heterozygous parents? 9: 3: 3: 1

R = red flowers r = white flowers Red An Rr organism would have ______ flowers if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT. pink An Rr organism would have ______ flowers if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT. BOTH An Rr organism would have _______ red & white flowers if this trait was CODOMINANT.

What are Mendel’s 2 laws of heredity? Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment The offspring of the P 1 generation are called the ____ F 1 generation

Give an example of a trait that shows incomplete dominance flower color in Four o’clocks TRUE or FALSE A person with Type O blood could be a blood donor for a person with Type AB blood. True; Type O is the universal donor

When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is HETEROZYGOUS or _______ HYBRID _________ A cross that involves only 1 trait monohyrid is called a ______ cross.

T = Tall t = short The genotype of the offspring from the Tt cross at the right is _____. tall Their phenotype is _____.

Which of the following genotypes is homozygous? TT TT Ww Bb rr mm BB Tt Another name for homozygous is pure ____.

Which of these Punnett squares would you use to predict the offspring of a DIHYBRID cross? This one!

In the cross at the right _____ red is dominant for flower color. Which of the following genotypes is from a heterozygous organism? Tt Tt SS bb Mm Mm Rr Rr kk

DNA A gene is a segment of _______ that codes for a trait. The Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment are the result of the movement of meiosis chromosomes during ______ mitosis meiosis

Crossing a red haired horse with a white haired horse produces a roan colored horse. (Both alleles for hair color show together). This kind of inheritance is called __________ Co-dominance

In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). If a black Guinea pig is crossed with a brown. Guinea pig and the litter contains a brown baby, the genotype of the black parent is probably BB Bb bb Bb; Must have one B to be black must have one b to pass on to baby

Crossing individuals from the P 1 generation produces the F____ generation. 1 DNA A gene is a segment of ______. DNA PROTEIN RNA CARBOHYDRATE

L = Blue legs l = yellow legs An Rr organism would have ______ legs if this Blue trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT. green legs if An Rr organism would have ______ this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT. BOTH An Rr organism would have _______ Blue & yellow legs if this trait was CODOMINANT.

Crossing individuals from the F 1 generation produces the F 2 generation. ____ A person with this type of blood could DONATE to A or AB Type _____blood

In a monohybrid cross of two HETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp), you would expect the offspring to be: 1 pp: 3 PP 1 PP: 2 Pp: 1 pp 3 Pp: 1 pp all Pp

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type AB blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type ____ blood. AB This blood type is called the universal RECIPIENT _________.

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type O blood. No change. There are NO A, B, or O proteins on the surface of a type O cell. This blood type is called the universal _________. DONOR

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type _____ A or AB blood

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood. This person could give blood to an individual with type _____ B or AB blood

Name another blood type you learned about besides the A, B, O system. Rh (positive and negative) Tell the molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self” and provides blood types glycoproteins

G g G GG Gg gg The parents in this cross Heterozygous are _______ Homozygous Heterozygous If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have green pods? _______% 75

B b The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ bb The offspring in the blue box is homozygous heterozygous homozygous

In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like B B B b B b b b B This is the Correct setup Heterozygous = Bb Pure brown = bb homozygous Another name for pure is _________

A o A B AA Ao The alleles for blood type show 2 kinds of inheritance. . AB Bo The following statements are TRUE or FALSE? F F T T F T A is dominant over B. A & B are codominant O is dominant over A. O is recessive to both A & B A is dominant over O. B and A are co-dominant A is incompletely dominant over O. O is recessive to A and to B

An organism has the genotype Xy. What are the possible sperm it can produce? ______ X y THINK ABOUT IT: If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl? Father ; The mother always gives an X If the father gives a y, it’s a boy. If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.

If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant, ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers. This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr) shows a blending of traits is called _____. A. Dominant/recessive inheritance B. Co-dominance C. Incomplete dominance

R r r Rr Rr r rr rr What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring? (% and color) Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r) throats in Goonie birds. Make a cross between a PURE RECESSIVE and a HETEROZYGOUS Goonie bird. 50% red throats 50% white throats

B b B BB Bb bb What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring? (% and color) Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats. Make a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS rats. 75 % black eyes 25% red eyes

The parents in this cross Homozygous are _______ Homozygous Heterozygous If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for short wings, what percentage of these offspring will have short wings? _______% 0% only ww makes it short

Who is the “Father of Genetics”? Gregor Mendel Which of the following genotypes could be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism? TT Rr Ww bb XX Ss Ss

What kind of cross is this? Pure dominant X pure recessive Heterozygous X heterozygous Heterozygous X homozygous Hybrid recessive X hybrid pure Heterozygous X Homozygous hybrid Another name for heterozygous is ________

t t T T Tt Tt In Reebops curly tails (T) are dominant over straight tails (t). Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Reebop. What is the probability the offspring 0% will have straight tails? All will be Curly tailed (Tt)

What do we call the offspring of the F 1 generation? F 2 Which of the following genotypes could be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE organism? TT bb bb Rr Ww tt tt XX aa aa

A a The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ homozygous heterozygous How many of the offspring from this cross will show the dominant characteristic? ¾ (75%) – AA and Aa

G g G is dominant for green pods. g is recessive for yellow pods. GG Gg gg What is the genotype of the offspring in the shaded box? What is the phenotype of the offspring in the shaded box? Gg Green pods

Which of the following is NOT TRUE? T Genotype determines phenotype TAlleles are different forms of the same gene. Genotype is the way the genes F make you look. TOrganisms with different genotypes can have the same phenotype. Tt and TT both look tall

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P 1 generation are called F 1 ______

A O O B Ao Bo What are the probable blood types of the offspring? What are the possible offspring of a cross between a blood type AB mom and a type O dad? 50% Type A 50% Type B

P p p P Pp Pp What will the offspring be like? (% and color) Purple (P)is the dominant color for monsters. Yellow is recessive (p). Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS purple and a yellow monster. 100% purple

What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp) mom monster? P ? ? p pp Pp Dad needs to have: a little p to give one to the baby a big P to be purple himself

A o o Ao Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby. Fred in AA and Wilma is oo. What are the possible blood types of their baby? 100% will have A type blood

A o o Ao Ao Ao Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby. Fred in AA and Wilma is oo. What are the possible blood types of their baby? 100% will have A type blood

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS Dominant OR Recessive In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the offspring that are Dominant 9/16 are ________ for both traits. Dominant for one trait and 3/16 are _______ Recessive for the other. _______ Recessive for both traits. 1/16 are _______

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P 1 generation are called F 1 ______

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about? Dominant/recessive Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Offspring of the P 1 generation are called F 1 ______

A heterozygous person that does not show a recessive trait but carries the recessive allele and can pass it to their offspring is called a _______ carrier

A B O blood groups are an Multiple allele example of a ________ trait X-linked multiple allele polygenic

Give an example of a polygenic trait in humans Hair color, skin color, height, Intelligence. . . There are more!

Which combination of sex chromosomes do males have? XY

Which parent determines the sex of a child? DAD – give X to daughters and Y to sons Which combination of sex chromosomes do females have? XX