CHAPTER 11 Nozzles Fire Streams and Foam 1
- Slides: 38
CHAPTER 11 Nozzles, Fire Streams, and Foam 1 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Objectives (1 of 5) • • • Define a fire stream. Identify the purposes of a fire stream. Identify the various types of fire streams. Identify the types of nozzles. Explain the pattern and use of each type of nozzle. 2 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Objectives (2 of 5) • Demonstrate the operations of the various types of nozzles. • Explain the operation and characteristics of various sizes of fire streams. • Explain the reach and application of various sizes of fire streams. • Identify the three types of fire attack. 3 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Objectives (3 of 5) • Explain the factors in choosing the type of fire attack. • Identify and explain the principles of hydraulics relating to fire streams. • Define and explain friction loss. • Define and explain nozzle pressures and reactions. 4 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Objectives (4 of 5) • Define and explain elevation as a factor in fire streams. • Explain adverse factors in operations of fire streams. • Explain the selection factors for fire streams in fire operations. 5 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Objectives (5 of 5) • Define foam. • Identify the types of foam. • Explain the principles of foam for fire suppression. • Explain the operation of foam-making equipment. 6 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Introduction • Fires are usually extinguished using water to cool the heat produced. • Foam is used to extinguish fuels where water is ineffective. • Water and foam are delivered using nozzles. • Selection of the proper nozzle is important to successfully fight the fire. 7 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Definition of Fire Streams • A fire stream is water or other agent as it leaves the nozzle toward a target. • Fire streams must be properly developed and aimed. • Poor streams allow the fire to burn. • A proper stream has sufficient volume, pressure, direction, and reaches the target. • Firefighters need to understand fire streams and their application. 8 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Nozzles (1 of 2) 11 • Nozzles are appliances to apply water. • There are two basic types of nozzles. – Solid stream nozzle – Fog nozzle • Combination nozzles can deliver both patterns. • It is important to be aware of advantages and disadvantages of both. 9 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Nozzles (2 of 2) • Nozzle selection factors – Nozzle pressure – Nozzle flow – Nozzle reach – Nozzle reaction – Stream shape 10 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Stream Patterns 11 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Solid Tip or Stream (1 of 2) • Delivers an unbroken or solid stream of water. • Delivers water as a solid mass. – Solid mass breaks the further the water travels. • Flow is a factor of the tip size. • Excessive or reduced nozzle pressures have adverse effects on stream performance. 12 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Solid Tip or Stream (2 of 2) • Hand line tips are from 3⁄4” to 1¼” at 50 psi. • Master stream tips are 1” and larger at 80 psi. • Hand lines can reach over 70’ and master streams about 100’. – Have less effect on a room’s thermal balance. – Have good penetration. 13 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Solid Tips 14 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Fog Nozzles (1 of 4) • Nozzles deliver a fixed or combination pattern. • Fixed spray patterns are of the impinging design. • Constant or set volume nozzles only allow pattern adjustment. Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning 15
CHAPTER 11 Fog Nozzles (2 of 4) • Variable combination fog nozzle patterns vary from straight stream to wide fog. • Adjustable nozzles allow for selection of flow and pattern. 16 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Fog Nozzles (3 of 4) • • • Operate from 50 to 100 psi Provide good reach that varies with pattern Provide good penetration Produce more steam Can be used to assist in horizontal ventilation 17 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Fog Nozzles (4 of 4) 18 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Fog Nozzle Ventilation 19 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Straight Stream • Pattern creates a hollow type stream. • As stream passes through nozzle baffle, air goes into the stream reducing its reach. • Newer nozzle designs have compensated for this. 20 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Special Purpose Nozzle (1 of 2) • These were developed for use in limited types of situations. • Cellar nozzles and Bresnan distributors are effective for basement and cellar fires. • Piercing nozzles were designed to penetrate aircraft skin and building walls and floors. • Water curtain nozzle is designed to spray water to protect against exposures to heat. 21 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Special Purpose Nozzle (2 of 2) 11 22 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Playpipes and Shutoffs 11 • Shutoff at the nozzle places flow control with nozzleperson. • Shutoff is opened by pulling back on the lever. 23 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Nozzle Operations • Solid tips are screwed on and off. • Fog nozzles are either lever-type open/close shutoff or rotating type. • Fog pattern can be adjusted by rotating the nozzle barrel. • Nozzles with variable gallonage have an additional rotating ring on the collar. • Nozzle clicks when adjustments are made. 24 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Operating Hoselines • Most operated from a crouching or kneeling position – Small-diameter hand lines – Medium-diameter hand lines – Master stream devices 25 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Hoseline Operations 11 26 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Stream Application (1 of 3) • Fire stream application depends on fire attack method and conditions encountered. • Fire stream must have proper pressure and flow. • An understanding of hydraulics is needed to assure proper pressure and flow. 27 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Stream Application (2 of 3) • Direct fire attack aims the flow of water directly at the seat of the fire. • Indirect fire attack is used by converting water into steam in a closed room. – Quantity of water applied is amount needed for total conversion of steam to fill a room. – Indirect fire attack should not be used with people in the room. 28 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Stream Application (3 of 3) • Combination attack uses a blend of direct and indirect fire attacks. • For a combination attack, water is aimed at the ceiling and then rotated. • Ventilation with this attack controls the flow of fire gases and steam. 29 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Basic Hydraulics, Friction Loss, and Pressure Losses in Hoselines (1 of 5) 11 • Hydraulics is the study of fluids at rest and in motion. • Fire streams must have sufficient volume and pressure. • Pressure is required to lift, push, or move water. • Pressure is force divided over an area. 30 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Basic Hydraulics, Friction Loss, and Pressure Losses in Hoselines (2 of 5) 11 • Force is a measurement of weight. • Water weighs 62. 4 pounds per cubic foot, creating a force of 62. 4 pounds. • Atmospheric pressure is 14. 7 psi at sea level. • Gauge pressure measures pressure minus atmospheric pressure. 31 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Basic Hydraulics, Friction Loss, and Pressure Losses in Hoselines (3 of 5) 11 • Vacuum (negative) pressure is the measurement of pressure less than atmospheric pressure. • Apparatus used for drafting uses a compound gauge to measure vacuum pressure. • Head pressure measures pressure at the bottom of a column of water in feet. • Velocity pressure is the pressure in a hose as it leaves the nozzle. 32 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Basic Hydraulics, Friction Loss, and Pressure Losses in Hoselines (4 of 5) 11 • Flow is the rate and quantity of water delivered. • Required flow is the amount of water required to extinguish the fire. • Available flow is the amount of water that can be moved to extinguish the fire. • Discharge flow is the amount of water flowing from the discharge side of the pump. 33 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Basic Hydraulics, Friction Loss, and Pressure Losses in Hoselines (5 of 5) 11 • Water flow can be determined using a flow meter or pressure gauge. • When flow stops, the system is equalized at the highest pressure in the system. • A sudden stop of water can create a water hammer or pressure surge. • Discharge pressure of a pump: EP = NP+ FL± E + SA 34 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Calculating Friction Loss and Engine Pressure 35 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Adverse Conditions That Affect Fire Streams • Major natural factor is wind and wind direction. • Gravity and air friction are also natural factors. • Factors cannot be removed, but bringing stream closer to the target reduces effects. 36 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER Types of Foam and Foam Systems 11 • Foam is an aggregate of gas-filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions of specially formulated concentrated liquid foaming agents. • Foam concentrate is mixed with water forming a solution to which air is added allowing foam to float over flammable liquids and extinguish them. • Class A foam solutions are detergent or soapbased surfactants. 37 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 11 Summary • Fire streams leave a nozzle and head toward a target. • Two main types of nozzles are solid stream and fog nozzles. • It is important to understand basic hydraulics. • Foam application requires special equipment and unique application techniques. 38 Copyright © 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning
- The two fire fighter stiff arm method is used to
- Bounce back
- Broken stream fire nozzle
- Illustrate the proper handling of fire streams
- Applications of wjm
- Center pivot sprinkler nozzles
- Opw nozzles distributors
- Varitarget nozzles
- Bill nye rivers and streams
- Flywhisk meaning
- Different bodys of water
- Reichstag fire who was the fire starter
- Damper interface panel
- Fire hose reel signage standards
- Rwi are
- Race fire
- How to separate sand and finely ground polystyrene foam
- Types of jet streams
- Cost streams
- Oracle streams
- Caves and karst topography webquest answer key
- Sand dune migration
- Input output stream c++
- Data nugget streams as sensors answers
- Oracle streams
- Basic concepts in mining data streams
- A framework for clustering evolving data streams
- Streams anu
- Cout.write("objectoriented programming", 6);
- Streams lazy evaluation
- Psychrometric processes
- Predefined streams in java
- Erosion definition
- Most streams carry the largest part of their load
- Once there were brook trout in the streams in the mountains
- Wild swans at coole date
- Disappearing streams karst topography
- Vvvnn
- Finding frequent items in data streams