Chapter 11 Jefferson Madison Election of 1800 Federalists

Chapter 11 Jefferson & Madison

Election of 1800 Federalists Republicans Adams--Pres---65 Hamilton---VP Democratic Jefferson---Pres. ---73 Burr---VP----73 • Federalists lost control of both executive and legislative branches. Why? • Thomas Jefferson becomes 1 st Democratic-Republican president • “Revolution of 1800” – 1 st peaceful transfer of power between political parties – no riots, no attempted coup by military officers, & no secession by NE states. (Not typical in other countries) • TJ at inauguration: “we are all Republicans we are all Federalists” (sounds similar to what? ) Adams sneaks out DC & doesn’t hear Olive Branch

• Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused flaws in the electoral college (already visible in 1796 when TJ VP to Adams) Federalists Adams--Pres---65 Hamilton---VP Democratic Republicans Jefferson---Pres. ---73 Burr---VP----73 • Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr- Burr should have conceded but he didn’t & Hof. R had to decide – took days. • 1 st time HR decides but not the last: 1824 Jackson v. j. Q Adams & Hayes v. Tilden 1876 • To eliminate future problems: 12 th Amendment: Requires President and VP on one ballot

ELECTION OF 1800 • • • Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73 -65. Problem: Problem Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

Marbury v. Madison • Adams appointed new chief justice (John Marshall) (tj cousin) before he left when John Jay retired. (feds lost Exec & Leg so want to hold on to Jud) • Federalist wanted to maintain a grip on some power and passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 – during lameduck period of Congress – before new Republicans sworn-in that March. (Nov to March)(today: Nov to Jan why? )(20 th Amend 4 to 2 months) • Created new judicial positions– called the midnight appointments –attempt by Adams to put Federalists judges in place before leaving office. Jefferson refuses to seat the very late judges. • One of the midnight judges (William Marbury) sues James Madison for refusing to deliver his judgeship = Marbury v. Madison 1803 • So case goes to Supreme Court – Rule Judiciary Act of 1789 that said judges could take case to Supreme Court unconstitutional. • Est Judicial Review = power of Supreme Court to declare federal laws unconstitutional and law is gone –who had tried to seize this power earlier in 1798? ? So why does Fed win over state? • Massive expansion of Judicial power –Just one of Marshall’s decisions that will expand power of judicial.

How Jeffersonian was Jefferson? • Remember Jeffersonian Republicans view: strict interpretation & limited federal govt. & pro farmers • Jefferson’s policies: eliminated the excise taxes (whiskey)(entire Fed budget to come from Tariff) & lowered national debt, TJ: “legislators had no right to mortgage the future of unborn Americans” • reduced size military by 50% leaving only 3, 000 to defend frontier, (feared standing army & said if war then use state’s militia like Whiskey Rebellion– but created West. Point to train them) • shut embassies to save $, Bengazi? ? • retired majority of navy’s warships (said warships just provoke trouble), debt cut $80 m to $57 m • However doesn’t eliminate: all federalist policies – kept the BUS & Debt plan of Hamilton (BE-FAT) (all but the E so now B-FAT) • kept many Federalist staffers -hated Spoils system –tons republicans came to DC to get jobs because they helped him to power)(what future pres will love the Spoils system? ) • TJ sends delegates to France to buy New Orleans from France for $10 m. What? • Spain ended Port of Entry rights at mouth of Miss R. & secretly handed over Louisiana Territory to France’s Napoleon who dreamed of re-establishing a empire in N. America. • Napoleon offers the whole Louisiana Territory for $15 m. What about dream? • Because a Slave Revolt in Santo Domingo (Napoleon desperate for cash to put down rebellion & dealing w/ war against GB)(“Damn coffee, damn colonies…I renounce Louisiana”) • Although the Constitution doesn’t say the president could purchase foreign land, TJ agrees to the deal. (used loose interpretation & implied powers to make the deal)

Louisiana Purchase show video • Doubles the size of the U. S. (not even sure how much land they actually purchased) • $15 m would be $233 m in today’s $ (3 cents per acre or 42 cents in todays $) 512 m acres or 800, 000 square miles (actual worth today = $1. 2 Trillion) • 13 states • Supports Jefferson’s vision of a agrarian society of farmers • Avoided (war w/ France) a potential threat from France along the nation’s border (Quasi War) (ok w/ Spain as neighbor but not France) • Further weakened the Federalist Party because new farmland would be attractive to immigrants (tend to be Republican) & they will oppose the purchase. (TJ is hypocrite) • Lewis (personal secretary to TJ) & Clark (army officer) led a scientific exploration of the trans. Mississippi West. • Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark. Left May 1804 to Pacific in Nov 1805 barely surviving the Rocky's & running extremely low of food & supplies • Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific • President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage • United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest- thought the Missouri River went to the Pacific

Missouri R. French Land in 1801 • Great Britain after the Revolution. • United States after War • Spanish land New Orleans

• Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark • Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition. • She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had never seen white men before. • Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good

Aaron Burr Conspiracy • • TJ 2 nd Term wants Burr off his ticket because doesn’t trust him over incident of election of 1800 Now Burr plotted with radical Federalists to secede NE states from the Union (remember Federalists hate Republican ruled country)(but Burr was supposedly a Rep) • Alexander Hamilton found out about the plot and helped to defeat Burr in NY elections. (what other elections did Hamilton play part in? ) (Hamilton about Burr: “ a dangerous man who ought not to be trusted w/ the reins of govt) • Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel in 1804 (even though • Former VP kills former sec. of treasury. - Burr career over (Both NY & NJ indicted Burr for murder – if he returned to Hamilton’s son was killed in a duel his honor made him accept)(July 11, 1804 Weehawken, NJ) either state he would be arrested) • • Now really scheming – Plot to take part of Mexico from Spain and unite it with Louisiana Territory under his rule. (co-conspirator in KY Wilkinson chicken out & ratted Burr out) Put on trial for treason (needed 2 witnesses to every piece of evidence)–acquitted. Public outraged & Burr left for Europe to live in Exile

Violation to American Neutrality • • • The European wars continued to cause problems for U. S. Violations to U. S. Neutrality (U. S. is wimpy Freshman in school) Impressment –forced enlistment of Americans into British Navy France issued Berlin Decree – (1806) said they would seize any ships trading with GB England issued Orders in Council (1806) that any ship going to Europe to trade must stop in GB 1 st. Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807) – English ship (Leopard) attacked American ship in Chesapeake Bay. (3 U. S. killed & 4 impressed) huge demand for war – Jefferson issues Embargo Act – Banned U. S. trade with all foreign nations –hoping to hurt GB & France & respect our neutrality Impact – U. S. economy plummeted (TJ biggest blunder) NE hurt most. (why? ) huge smuggling Positive result: helped fuel industrial revolution because if no goods coming in must make it ourselves

President Madison Calhoun Clay • President in 1809 pop grown to 7 m (jump by 2 m. in 10 yrs) (doubling every 25 yrs) • Repeals Embargo Act & replaces it with Nonintercourse Act – U. S. would trade with all nations- EXCEPT France & GB. GB 4 th stopped here • Macon’s Bill #2 - U. S. would end embargo with either GB or France if the country respected U. S. neutrality and freedom of the sea & we would stop trading with the other rival. • France temporarily agrees but starts seizing ships all over again. • Members of Congress elected in 1811 known as the War Hawks supporting war against England. (John C. Calhoun, SC & Henry Clay, KY) • reasons: stop GB naval harassment, believe GB still arming Indians from Canada, & want to take Canada.

Battle of Tippecanoe • Shawnee Brothers Tecumseh & the Prophet organized a confederacy of tribes east of the Miss River – resisting land encroachment and organize all local tribes against land grabs. • Gen. William Henry Harrison(gov of Indiana Territory) (took army and attacked Indians & won) • War hero – future pres. (tippecanoe & Tyler too) • Big blow for Native Americans

“Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them for the use of his children? ” Tecumseh

War of 1812 • Madison asks for Declaration of War • why? • GB arming Natives on Frontier • GB cont. violations of U. S. neutrality • Pressure from war hawks • Desire for more land • Protect American honor –still upset about Chesapeake Affair. • Democratic –Republicans tended to favor France 3 rd stopped here

PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT • Defend our neutrality • Freedom of the seas • Defend our self interest Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality of the US. Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy of President James Madison keeping the US out of war and neutral?