Chapter 11 Instructional Methods Instructional Methods Definition Techniques

Chapter 11 Instructional Methods

Instructional Methods • Definition – Techniques or approaches that the teacher uses to bring the learner in contact with the content to be learned

Instructional Methods • • • Lecture Group Discussion One-to-One Instruction Role-playing Self-instruction • • • Demonstration Return Demonstration Gaming Simulation Role-modeling

Lecture • Definition – An instructional method in which the teacher verbally transmits information directly to groups of learners for the purpose of education. It is highly structured.

Lecture • Advantages – Cost effective – Targets large groups – Useful for cognitive domain learning • Limitations – Not individualized – Passive learners

Group Discussion • Definition – An instructional method in which learners are together to exchange information, feelings, and opinions with each other and the teacher to achieve educational objectives

Group Discussion • Advantages – Stimulates sharing of ideas and emotions – Active learners – Useful for cognitive and affective domains of learning • Limitations – Shy member does not participate – Dominant member overwhelms the group – Highly diverse groups may have difficulty interacting

One-to-One Instruction • Definition – An instructional method in which the teacher delivers personally designed instruction to a learner.

One-to-One Instruction • Advantages – Active learner – Tailored to individual’s needs and goals – Useful for all three learning domains • Limitations – Can be expensive because it is labor intensive – Isolates learner

Demonstration • Definition – An instructional method in which the learner is shown by the teacher how to perform a particular skill

Demonstration • Advantages – Previews exact skill for the learner – Useful for psychomotor domain learning • Limitations – May be expensive because all learners need to easily visualize skill. This requires use of technology or small groups.

Return Demonstration • Definition – An instructional method in which the learner attempts to perform a skill with cues from the teacher as needed

Return Demonstration • Advantages – Active learner – Individual guidance – Useful for psychomotor domain learning • Limitations – Viewing individual performance is labor intensive

Gaming • Definition – An instructional method requiring the learner to participate in a competitive activity with preset rules to achieve an educational objective

Gaming • Advantages – Active learner – Perceived as “fun” by many learners – Useful for all three domains of learning • Limitations – Too competitive for some learners

Simulation • Definition – An instructional method requiring creation of a hypothetical or artificial experience to engage the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions without the risk -taking consequences of an actual experience

Simulation • Advantages – Active learners – Practice “reality” in a safe setting – Useful for cognitive and psychomotor domains of learning • Limitations – Labor intensive – Costs of equipment

Role-Playing • Definition – An instructional method where learners participate in an unrehearsed dramatization to elicit their feelings to achieve affective domain objectives

Role-Playing • Advantages – Active learner – Develops “understanding” of others – Useful for affective domain learning • Limitations – Learner can exaggerate or underdevelop the role

Role-Modeling • Definition – An instructional method in which the teacher “models” or exhibits behaviors that the learner may imitate or adopt as he or she is socialized into a role. Learning from role-modeling is called identification and emanates from socialization theories.

Role-Modeling • Advantages – Helps with socialization into role – Useful for affective domain learning • Limitations – Requires rapport between teacher and learner

Self-Instruction • Definition – An instructional method to provide activities that guide the learner in independently achieving the educational objectives

Self-Instruction • Advantages – – Self-paced Cost-effective Consistent Useful for cognitive domain learning • Limitations – Learner may procrastinate – Requires literacy

Factors in Selection of Instructional Methods • What are the predetermined objectives? • What are the characteristics of the targeted audience? • What resources are available? • What are the teacher’s strengths and limitations?

Evaluation of Instructional Methods • Did learners achieve their objectives? • Was the activity accessible to targeted learners? • Were available resources used efficiently? • Did the method accommodate the learner’s needs, abilities, and style? • Was the approach cost-effective?

Creative Techniques to Enhance Verbal Presentations • • Enthusiasm Humor Risk-taking Drama Problem-solving Role-modeling Anecdotes Technology

General Principles for All Teachers • • Give positive reinforcement. Project acceptance/sensitivity. Be organized, give direction. Elicit and provide feedback. Use questioning. Know your audience. Use repetition. Summarize key points.

Instructional Settings • Healthcare setting • Health-related setting • Nonhealthcare setting

Sharing Resources Nurses in each of the setting types can establish a health education committee to coordinate health education programming, ensure effective use of resources, and avoid duplication of efforts.