Chapter 11 Human Development Across the Life Span

Chapter 11 Human Development Across the Life Span – 8 th Edition

Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development n 3 phases – germinal stage = first 2 weeks • conception, implantation, formation of placenta – embryonic stage = 2 weeks – 2 months • formation of vital organs and systems – fetal stage = 2 months – birth • bodily growth continues, movement capability begins, brain cells multiply • age of viability Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development Figure 11. 2, p. 443 – periods of vulnerability in prenatal period n Maternal nutrition n – Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth complications, neurological problems, and psychopathology n Maternal drug use – Tobacco, alcohol, prescription, and recreational drugs – Fetal alcohol syndrome n Maternal illness – Rubella, syphilis, mumps, genital herpes, AIDS, severe influenza – Prenatal health care – Prevention through guidance n n Infant mortality by countries – Slide 5 Preventive care for children Table of Contents

Slide 5 Cross-cultural comparisons of infant mortality Table of Contents

The Childhood Years: Motor Development n Basic Principles – Cephalocaudal trend – head to foot – Proximodistal trend – center-outward Maturation – gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint n Developmental norms – Figure 11. 3 n – median age – growth charts – 95% level – Cultural variations Table of Contents

Figure 11. 3 – Developmental Motor milestones Table of Contents

Easy and Difficult Babies: Differences in Temperament Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional designs – 11. 4 n Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970) n Figure – 3 basic temperamental styles • • easy – 40% slow-to-warm-up – 15% difficult – 10% mixed – 35% – stable over time n Kagan & Snidman (1991) – Inhibited vs. uninhibited temperament • inhibited – 15 - 20% • uninhibited – 25 - 30% – stable over time, genetically based Table of Contents

XX 11. 4 Table of Contents

Early Emotional Development: Attachment n Separation anxiety – Ainsworth (1979) – The strange situation and patterns of attachment • • Secure Anxious-ambivalent Avoidant Figure 11. 5, process and Figure 11. 6, cross-cultural comparison • Effects on mating strategy – slide 11 n Developing secure attachment – Bonding at birth – contact comfort – Harlow – p. 449 – Daycare – Cultural factors n Evolutionary perspectives on attachment Table of Contents

Figure 11 -6 – Cultural variations in attachment patterns Slide 11 - Attachment and mating strategy, from childhood to puberty Table of Contents

Stage Theories of Development: Personality n Stage theories, three components – progress through stages in order – progress through stages related to age – major discontinuities in development - Figure 11. 7 n Erikson (1963) – Figure 11. 8 – Eight stages spanning the lifespan – Psychosocial crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality Table of Contents

XX 11. 7 Table of Contents

XX 11. 8 Table of Contents

Stage Theories: Cognitive Development n Jean Piaget (1920 s-1980 s) – Assimilation/ Accommodation – 4 stages and major milestones – Figure 11. 9 • Sensorimotor – Object permanence • Preoperational – Centration, Egocentrism • Concrete Operational – Decentration, Reversibility, Conservation – F 11. 10, F 11. 11 • Formal Operational – Abstraction Table of Contents

XX 11. 9 Table of Contents

XX 11. 10 Table of Contents

XX 11. 11 Table of Contents

Other Cognitive Abilities n Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory – Thought and Language (1934) – Importance of social interactions in cognitive development – Zone of proximal development (ZPD) – difference in accomplishing alone and with help from others Inhibition – disinhibition – innate? n Memory abilities – active maintenance rehearsal 910 years n Memory capacities - metacognition n Table of Contents

The Development of Moral Reasoning n Kohlberg (1976) – Reasoning as opposed to behavior • Moral dilemmas – Measured nature and progression of moral reasoning – 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels – Figure 11. 14 • Preconventional – punishment S 1 – naïve reward S 2 • Conventional - good boy/good girl S 3 – authority S 4 • Postconventional - social contract S 5 – individual principles and conscience S 6 – Longitudinal studies – F 11. 15 , research issues (use of males), reasoning versus behavior n Greene’s et al. studies of moral judgments and brain functioning – f. MRI studies using 60 moral dilemmas Table of Contents

XX 11. 14 Figure 11. 15 – Age and moral reasoning based on Kohlberg’s stages Table of Contents

Adolescence: Puberty and the Growth Spurt n Pubescence – growth spurts 10 – 12 females n 12 – 14 males Puberty – Secondary sex characteristics – Primary sex characteristics • Menarche • Sperm production • Tanner stages – Maturation: early vs. late – Belsky’s study • Sex differences in effects of early maturation n Brain Development in adolescence – Figure 11. 17 http: //serendip. brynmawr. edu/bb/neuro 04/web 1/epow ell. html n Risk taking – F 11. 18 n Rates of suicide – F 11. 17 n Table of Contents

Figure 11. 16 Physical development at puberty Table of Contents

Figure 11. 17 – Prefrontal Cortex and adolescence development Table of Contents

Figure 11. 18 Peer influence on risk taking Table of Contents

The Search for Identity Problems – suicide rates and brain development n Erikson (1968) n – Key challenge - forming a sense of identity n James Marcia (1988) – Figure 11. 20 – 4 identity statuses • • n Foreclosure Moratorium Identity Diffusion Identity Achievement Longitudinal study – changes in the four statuses – slide 28 Table of Contents

Figure 11. 20 Marcia’s four identity statuses Table of Contents

Slide 28 – Age and Identity status based on Marcia (1980), data from Meilman (1979) Table of Contents

Emerging Adulthood as a New Developmental Stage Search for identity extends into adulthood n Figure 11. 21 n Ages 18 – 25 have become a distinct transitional stage of life n Characterized by: n – – subjective feeling of transition age of possibilities self-focused period of identity formation Table of Contents

The Expanse of Adulthood Personality development – midlife crisis? - F 11. 11 n Social development – family life cycle, marriage, parenthood, empty nest – Figure 11. 23 n Career development – patterns, work and in the home – Figure 11. 24 n Physical changes – biological aging process n n Cognitive changes – mental abilities - Figure 11. 25 memory, response time - Figure 11. 26 Table of Contents

Figure 11. 23 – Median age at first marriage in United States Table of Contents

Figure 11. 24 – Housework trends since the 1960 s Table of Contents

Figure 11. 25 Age and the stability of primary mental abilities Table of Contents

Gender Differences and issues n n n n Stereotypes – Table 11. 1 Cognitive – Figure 11. 27 Social/personality Biological origins – brain hemisphere differences – Figure 11. 28 Hormone influences – estrogens androgens Environment influences - socialization Gender role – gender versus sex Father’s role in children’s well-being – issues – pages 484 - 485 Table of Contents

Figure 11. 27 – distribution of gender differences Figure 11. 28 – The cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum Table of Contents