CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGICAL TIME THE BIG IDEA WHAT

CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGICAL TIME THE BIG IDEA: WHAT HAVE SCIENTISTS LEARNED ABOUT EARTH'S PAST BY STUDYING ROCKS AND FOSSILS?

KEY QUESTIONS • HOW WAS THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE DEVELOPED? • WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF MASS EXTINCTIONS? • WHAT MAJOR GEOLOGICAL EVENTS OCCURRED DURING EACH ERA? • WHAT DOES THE FOSSIL EVIDENCE REVEAL ABOUT EACH ERA?

LAB MANUAL PAGE 100 • ORGANIZE GEOLOGIC TIME FROM LONGEST TO SHORTEST: EON ERAS PERIODS EPOCH • CATEGORIZE UNITS OF TIME IN THE PHANEROZOIC EON (SEE PAGE 380 SCIENCE BOOK)

THE PAINTED DESERT, ARIZONA. THIS LANDSCAPE HAS A STORY TO TELL, AND EACH INDIVIDUAL ROCK AND EVEN THE COLORS MEAN SOMETHING ABOUT THE PAST.

Geologic Time there’s just so much of it! History written in stone Evidence from rocks and fossils allows geologists: To identify the geological processes that resulted in the formation of each rock. http: //www. abdn. ac. uk http: //news. nationalgeographic. com http: //events. ucr. edu To reconstruct plant/and or animal life prevalent during the formation of rocks. http: //dinobase. gly. bris. ac. uk To reconstruct atmospheric/climatic conditions and changes through time. http: //uts. cc. utexas. edu http: //nsidc. org

GEOLOGIC TIME • PLATE MOTIONS AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING EVENTS CAN BE PLACED ON THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 6

Geologic Time Geologists have divided Earth’s history into time units based on the fossil record 7

PRE-CAMBRIAN • BEGAN WITH THE FORMATION OF THE EARTH 4. 6 BILLION YEARS AGO. • BACTERIA APPEARED 3. 5 BILLION YEARS AGO, FOLLOWED BY ALGAE AND FUNGI.

PALEOZOIC ERA • DIVIDED INTO 6 PERIODS: • CAMBRIAN PERIOD - SPONGES, SNAILS, CLAMS AND WORMS EVOLVE • ORDOVICIAN PERIOD - FIRST FISHES EVOLVED AND OTHER SPECIES BECOME EXTINCT • SILURIAN PERIOD - LAND PLANTS, INSECTS AND SPIDERS APPEAR

• DEVONIAN PERIOD AMPHIBIANS EVOLVE AND CONE-BEARING PLANTS START TO APPEAR. • CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD - TROPICAL FORESTS APPEAR AND REPTILES EVOLVE. • PERMIAN PERIOD - SEED PLANTS BECOME COMMON AND INSECTS AND REPTILES BECOME WIDESPREAD. SEA ANIMALS AND SOME AMPHIBIANS BEGIN TO

MESOZOIC ERA • DIVIDED INTO 3 PERIODS: • TRIASSIC PERIOD TURTLES AND CROCODILES EVOLVE AND DINOSAURS APPEAR. • JURASSIC PERIOD - LARGE DINOSAURS ROAM THE WORLD. FIRST MAMMALS AND BIRDS APPEAR. • CRETACEOUS PERIOD FLOWERING PLANTS APPEAR, MAMMALS BECOME MORE COMMON, DINOSAURS • BECOME EXTINCT.

CENOZOIC ERA • DIVIDED INTO 2 PERIODS: • TERTIARY PERIOD - FIRST PRIMATES APPEAR AND FLOWERING PLANTS BECOME THE MOST COMMON. • QUATERNARY PERIOD HUMANS EVOLVE AND LARGE MAMMALS LIKE WOOLLY MAMMOTHS BECOME EXTINCT.

LAB MANUAL PAGE 101 • IDENTIFY THE CAUSE OF MASS EXTINCTION Cause: All species of organisms depend on the environment for their survival. If the environment changes quickly and species do not adapt to the changes, they die. Effect: Many species on earth become extinct within a short period of time. Food chains and food webs collapse. • CITE AN EXAMPLE OF A CATASTROPHIC EVENT LINKED TO A MASS EXTINCTION • SCIENTISTS HYPOTHESIZES THE A METEORITE IMPACT MIGHT HAVE CAUSED THE MASS EXTINCTION THAT OCCURRED WHEN

LAB MANUAL PAGE 102 • IDENTIFY PRE-CAMBRIAN LIFE-FORMS: SIMPLE, UNICELLULAR (ONE CELL) ORGANISMS SIMILAR TO TODAY’S BACTERIA. • ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION ON THE FOSSIL RECORD. • THERE WAS A SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF NEW TYPES OF MULTICELLULAR (MORE THAN ONE) LIFE-FORMS • FIRST ORGANISMS TO HAVE HARD BODY PARTS • THESE FOSSILS WITH HARD BODY PARTS WERE MORE EASILY PRESERVED • THESE HARD PARTS LEFT MORE EVIDENCE IN THE FOSSILS RECORD

The Precambrian Era 4. 5 billion – 570 million years ago Banded iron is believed to have formed when oxygen released by blue green algae combined with iron present in ancient ocean waters to form iron oxide precipitates that settled to the ocean floor. http: //www. eps. mcgill. edu Stromatolites are dome shaped mineral formations built by microbes. They continue to survive today in the waters around Australia. http: //gsc. nrcan. gc. ca/paleochron/03_e. php Fossil stromatolites are one of the most common forms of fossil life identified in Precambrian rocks.

The Precambrian Era 4. 5 billion – 570 million years ago Rock formed during the Precambrian is a valuable resource in North Carolina Mount Airy, Surry Co. The world’s largest open faced granite mine. The granite formed when magma cooled deep in the crust. Overlying rock has since been eroded away, exposing the granite. Mica http: //ncpedia. org/symbols/rock North Carolina is the nations top producer of mica, a mineral used in a variety of industries. http: //www. minfind. com

The Paleozoic Era “old life” 570 – 245 million years ago Life Age (millions) Period Organism 286 -245 Permian Reptile diversity explodes 320 -286 Pennsylvanian Large scale coal formation in swamps 360 -320 Mississippian Land plant diversity explodes, first flying insects, first reptiles 408 -360 Devonian First insects (flightless), first amphibians 438 -408 Silurian First fish and land plants 505 -438 Ordovician Starfish and crinoids appear 570 -505 Cambrian Explosion of marine life – bivalves, sponges, trilobites, jellyfish, coral

LAB MANUAL PAGE 103 • SUMMARIZE THE EXTENT OF THE PALEOZOIC ERA LASTED FOR 291 MILLION YEARS, FROM 542 MYA TO 251 MYA. • CHARACTERIZE THE EARLY PALEOZOIC ERA ~ EARLY PALEOZOIC 1. ORGANISMS WITHOUT BACKBONES 2. ALL LIVING IN THE OCEANS 3. CALLED THE AGE OF INVERTEBRATES

LAB MANUAL PAGE 103 • CONTRAST THE EARLY PALEOZOIC ERA WITH THE PRESENT LIFE ON LAND AMOUNT OF LAND MASS THEN NO LIFE ON LAND NOW MANY LIVING ORGANISMS ON LAND LESS LAND MORE LAND MASS FLOODED MASS WITH OCEAN WATER AND INLAND SEAS

The Paleozoic Era “old life” 570 – 245 million years ago Mississippian: First reptiles http: //www. bluesci. org Labidosaurus hamatus Devonian: First amphibians http: //www. exploratorium. edu Ichthyostega Silurian: First fish & land plants http: //tolweb. org Ordovician: Crinoids & Starfish http: //www. oum. ox. ac. uk http: //museumvictoria. com. au Cambrian: Trilobites & Sponges http: //www. fossilmuseum. net http: //www. palaentology. geo. uu. se http: //ww. cavehill. uwi. edu

LAB MANUAL PAGE 104 • CHARATERIZE THE MIDDLE PALEOZOIC ERA • MIDDLE PALEOZOIC: 1. CALLED THE AGE OF FISHES 2. INSECTS AND FIRST GREEN PLANTS APPEARED ON LAND 3. DIVIDED INTO THE SILURIAN AND DEVONIN PERIODS 4. EARLIEST ORGANISMS WITH BACKBONES (VERTEBRATES) Cause: Several Effect: Added land • IDENTIFY THE CAUSE OF THE FORMATION OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS landmasses heaved upward and collided with the formed the eastern coast of Appalachian North America Mountains

LAB MANUAL PAGE 104 • CHARACTERIZE THE LATE PALEOZOIC ERA • LATE PALEOZOIC ERA: • 1. CALLED THE AGE OF AMPHIBIANS • 2. DIVIDED INTO THE CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMIAN PERIODS • 3. ANCIENT AMPHIBIANS ADAPTED TO LAND THEN THE FIRST REPTILES APPEARED

LAB MANUAL PAGE 105 • SEQUENCE THE DEVELOP 0 MENT OF COAL IN COAL SWAMPS. 1. TROPICAL FOREST GREW IN SWAMPS ALONG SHALLOW INLAND SEAS. 2. WHEN TREES AND OTHER PLANTS DIED, THEY SANK INTO THE SWAMPS. 3. PLANT MATTER CHANGED INTO COAL OVER TIME • DEFINE/EXPLAIN PANGEA: A SUPERCONTINENT THAT WAS AN ANCIENT LAND MASS WHICH LATER SEPARATED INTO OUR PRESENT DAY CONTINENTS

LAB MANUAL PAGE 105 • SUMMARIZE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE PERMIAN MASS Possible Cause Related Effect EXTINCTION. Formation of Pangaea Meteorite Impact Volcanic Eruption Decreased the amount of space where marine organisms could live Drastic climate change

The Mesozoic Era “middle life” 245 – 70 million years ago Life Age (millions) Period Organism 144 -66 Cretaceous First flowering plants, T-Rex, Triceratops, Dteranodon 208 -144 Jurassic Dinosaurs grow large: Stegasaurus, Archaeopteryx 245 -208 Triassic Reptiles dominate land – crocodiles, turtles and early dinosaurs emerge

The Mesozoic Era “middle life” 245 – 70 million years ago Cretaceous: T-Rex and Triceratops http: //www. impactlab. net Jurassic: Archaeopteryx, Stegasaurus and first flowering plant http: //www. itsnature. org http: //www. askabiologist. org. uk http: //www. itsnature. org http: //news. ufl. edu Triassic: early dinosaurs and turtles http: //news. bbc. co. uk http: //www. nmnaturalhistory. org

LAB MANUAL PAGE 106 • ARRANGE PERIODS OF THE MESOZOIC ERA • MESOZOIC ERA: TRIASSIC JURASSIC 251 MYA CRETACEOUS 65. 5 MYA • PANGAEA BEGAN TO BREAK APART IN THE LATE TRIASSIC • 1. SOUTHERN CONTINENT: GONDWANALAND WOULD BECOME MODERN CONTINENTS OF AFRICA, ANTARCTICA, AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AMERICA • 2. NORTHERN CONTINENT: LAURASIA WOULD BECOME THE MODERN CONTINENTS OF AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA NORTH

LAB MANUAL PAGE 106 • SEQUENCE THE EVENTS THAT FORMED THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. • 1. THE CLIMATE WAS WARMER DURING THE MESOZOIC • 2. SEA LEVELS ROSE • 3. PANGAEA BEGAN SPLIT APART • 4. SOME OF THE OCEAN WATER FLOWED ONTO CONTINENTS • 5. NARROW CHANNELS OF OCEAN WATER FORMED • 6. AS CONTINENTS MOVED APART, THE CHANNELS BECAME OCEANS SUCH AS THE ATLANTIC

PANGEA SPLITS APART • CHANGING FROM PANGEA TO PRESENT DAY CONTINENTS OVER TIME:

LAB MANUAL PAGE 107 • CHARACTERIZE SALT DEPOSITS IN NORTH AMERICA • SALT DEPOSITS: • 1. LEFT WHEN SEA WATER EVAPORATED ON LAND • 2. SOURCES OF SALT TODAY • 3. SOURCES OF OIL TODAY

LAB MANUAL PAGE 107 • EXPLAIN THE GEOLOGICAL CHANGES IN NORTH AMERICA DURING THE MESOZOIC. • NORTH AMERICA MOVED WESTWARD AND COLLIDED WITH LANDMASSES ON THE ANCIENT OCEANIC PLATE: • 1. IN THE WEST, THE CRUST SUBDUCTED (CONVERGENT BOUNDARY) BENEATH NORTH AMERICA FORMING THE MOUNTAINS ROCKY • 2. IN THE SOUTHWEST WINDBLOWN SAND FORMED LARGE SAND DUNES • 3. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CONTINENT, A WARM INLAND SEA FORMED

LAB MANUAL PAGE 107 • COMPARE AND CONTRAST DINOSAURS WITH MODERN CROCODILES • DINOSAURS: ERECT POSTURE (LEGS BELOW HIPS, WALK UPRIGHT) • BOTH: REPTILES, LAND VERTEBRATES • MODERN CROCODILES: SPRAWLING POSTURE (LEGS STICK OUT SIDEWAYS, DRAG ALONG THE GROUND)

LAB MANUAL PAGE 108 • COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE ARCHAEOPTERYX WITH PRESENT DAY BIRDS • ARCHAEOPTERYX ~ CLAWS, TEETH • BOTH ~ WINGS, FEATHERS • MODERN BIRDS ~ BEAKS

LAB MANUAL PAGE 108 • IDENTIFY 3 TYPES OF MESOZOIC RETILES LAND SEA AIR DINOSAURS PLESIOSAURS PTEROSAURS SMALL IN SIZE, FEW LARGER THAN PRESENT DAY HOUSE CATS • DESCRIBE THE SIZE OF MESOZOIC MAMMALS:

LAB MANUAL PAGE 108 • SEQUENCE THE LIKELY (THEORY) EVENTS OF THE CRETACEOUS EXTINCTION EVENT • 1. LARGE METEORITE IMPACT ERUPTED AND 2. VOLCANOES • 3. PRODUCED DUST THAT FILLED THE ATMOSPHERE • 4. PLANTS DIED WITHOUT SUNLIGHT • 5. ANIMALS DIED WITHOUT PLANTS

The Cenozoic Era “new life” 70 million years ago – present Climate ameliorates 10, 000 years ago, allowing the development of agriculture and human civilization. http: //www. gsi. ie Mammals dominate land, human populations occurs. http: //www. dailymail. uk. co

LAB MANUAL PAGE 109 THE CENOZOIC ERA BEGAN 65. 5 MILLION YEARS AGO, AT THE END OF THE CRATACEOUS PERIOD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA, AND THE CONTINUES TODAY. • EXAMINE THE EXTENT OF THE CENOZOIC ERA: • ORGANIZE INFORMATION ABOUT THE CENOZOIC ERA • CENOZOIC 1. FOSSIL/ROCK RECORD MORE FAMILIAR ANIMALS 2. FOSSIL/ROCK RECORD BETTER PRESERVED • DIVIDED INTO 2 PERIODS: 1. TERTIARY DIVIDED INTO 5 EPOCHS: PALEOCENE, OLIGOCENE, MIOCENE, PLIOCENE 2. QUATERNARY DIVIDED INTO 2 EPOCHS: PLEISTOCEN, HOLOCENE

LAB MANUAL PAGE 109 • SUMMARIZE CENOZOIC MOUNTAIN BUILDING ACTIVITY Mountain Range HIMALAYAS ALPS ROCKIES ACTIVITY INDIA CRASHED INTO ASIA AFRICA PUSHED INTO EUROPE WESTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA PUSHED AGAINST THE OCEAN FLOOR CASCADES WESTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA PUSHED AGAINST THE OCEAN FLOOR SIERRA WESTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA NEVADA PUSHED AGAINST THE OCEAN FLOOR APPLACHIANS FORMED DURING PALEOZOIC, CONTINUE TO ERODE TODAY (BECOME SMALLER)

LAB MANUAL PAGE 110 • ANALYZE WHY THE ICE AGE THAT OCCURRED DURING THE PLEISTOCENE EPOCH RESULTED IN MORE DRY LAND • GLACIERS COVER 30% OF LAND SURFACES. OCEAN WATER WAS TRAPPED IN GLACIERS. SEA LEVELS DROPPED 2. INLAND SEAS DRAINED AWAY • ORDER THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE DURING THE CENOZOIC ERA 1. 1. FLOWERING TREES AND PLANTS BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE LAND 2. A NEW TYPE OF PLANT, GRASSES, APPEARED. 3. NEW FOOD SOURCES ALLOWED EVOLUTION OF MANY TYPES OF ANIMAL SPECIES INCLUDING MAMMALS. 4. MAMMALS THRIVED, AND THE CENOZOIC BECAME KNOWN AS AGE OF THE MAMMAL.

LAB MANUAL PAGE 110 • CONTRAST THE SIZE OF CENOZOIC MAMMALS TO MESOZOIC MAMMALS MESOZOIC CENOZOIC SMALL, ABOUT THE SIZE OF TODAY’S HOUSE CAT VERY LARGE, SUCH AS THE WOOLLY MOMMOTH • IDENTIFY 3 EXAMPLES OF MEGA MAMMALS 1. WOOLLY MOMMOTH 2. GIANT SLOTH 3. SABER TOOTHED TIGER

LAB MANUAL PAGE 111 • SUMMARIZE THE EVOLUTION AND MIGRATION OF HUMANS • 1. HUMAN ANCESTORS APPEARED NEARLY 65 MYA YEARS AGO IN AFRICA. • 2. HOMO SAPIENS EVOLVED DURING THE HOLOCENE EPOCH. • 3. EARLY HOMO SAPIENS MIGRATED FROM EUROPE TO ASIA AND EVENTUALLY NORTH AMERICA. • 4. THEY MIGRATED TO NORTH AMERICA ACROSS A LAND BRIDGE. • IDENTIFY THE CAUSE OF PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTIONS. CAUSE: CLIMATE CHANGED, WARMER AND DRIER, FOREST REPLACED GRASSES EFFECT: EXTINCTION OF MAGA MAMMALS LIKE THE WOOLY MAMMOTH