CHAPTER 11 Forestry and Resource Management Lesson 11

CHAPTER 11 Forestry and Resource Management

Lesson 11. 1 Resource Management Overfishing has reduced populations of North Atlantic cod, an economically important fish, by 60% over the last 40 years.

Lesson 11. 1 Resource Management Renewable Resource Management Resources are either renewable, (soil, water, or timber) or nonrenewable (fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas) Did You Know? More than 8 million hectares of forest were lost between 1990 and 2005.

Activity The World Ocean is a commons that all nations must share…no country owns the ocean and the contents in it. You are going to pretend to be a commercial fishermen. • Your goal is to catch more fish then anyone else. • The person that makes the most money will WIN!!! • Each fish =$10

Tragedy of the Commons • Was first described by biologist Garrett Hardin in 1968. • Describes how shared resources are overused and eventually depleted. • Video • Examples: • Grand Banks Fisheries • Bluefin Tuna • Passenger Pigeons • Ocean garbage gyres • Earth’s atmosphere • Gulf of Mexico Dead zone • Traffic congestion • Groundwater in Los Angeles • Unregulated logging • Population growth

Sustainability is the Only Answer!!! • Goal is sustainability— resource use that occurs only as fast as can be naturally replaced. • Must balance human and ecological needs • Human needs: food, timber, water, medicine • Ecological needs: maintain biodiversity, soil health, water quality

Lesson 11. 1 Resource Management Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) • Goal: To harvest maximum resources without compromising future harvests • Population sizes are kept far below carrying capacity, enabling fast growth. • MSY can affect interactions between species and alter entire ecosystems. • Determining target population size is largely a matter of trial and error.

Lesson 11. 1 Resource Management Ecosystem-Based Forest Management • Goal: To harvest resources while minimizing effects on the rest of the ecosystem • Ecologically sensitive areas are carefully monitored and protected; resources are harvested selectively. • Ecosystems are complex, so choosing which areas to protect and which to harvest is a challenge.

Lesson 11. 1 Resource Management Adaptive Forest Management • Goal: To gather data from areas managed in different ways, and develop a customized management plan based on the results • Management practices are continually monitored and adjusted. • Can be time-consuming and may require changing established practices

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Forests, mostly boreal forests and tropical rain forests, cover about 30% of Earth’s land.

There are Several Different Forest Biomes • Tropical Rainforest: warm all year, daily rain, infertile soil (all nutrients in plant life), most biodiverse of all biomes • Temperate Forest: rain spread throughout year, seasonal temperatures, deciduous trees, fertile soil • Boreal Forest: cool, dry; long, cold winters; coniferous trees; acidic soil • Most left are tropical or boreal. • Temperature Forests have disappeared because people have cleared them for living space/agriculture

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Value of Forests • Ecological value: • Provide habitat for organisms • Source of biodiversity • Prevent erosion • Purify water • Store carbon, release oxygen • Economic value: • Timber for lumber and fuel • Source of food • Raw material for many medicines

Habitat for Organisms

Biodiversity • Forests contain more biodiversity then other biomes due to being structurally diverse…has a lot of niches to fill. • Needed for ecosystem health by… • Resisting environmental change • Being able to bounce back to regain function after a change occurs

Timber Harvesting • Most commercial harvesting occurs in Canada/Russia (Boreal forests) as well as Brazil (Tropical Rainforest) • In the U. S. most timber harvesting occurs in the conifer forests of the West and pine plantations of the South

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Timber Harvesting Methods • Three methods: Clear-cutting, seed-tree or shelterwood approach, and selection system • May result in even-aged or uneven-aged regrowth • Even-aged regrowth tends to be less biodiverse than uneven-aged regrowth. Did You Know? Today most commercial logging in the U. S. occurs in western coniferous forests and southern pine plantations.

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Clear-Cutting • Involves cutting down all trees in a region, resulting in even-aged stands of regrowth • Changes abiotic conditions in the area, including light penetration, precipitation, wind, and temperature (Creates a new MICROCLIMATE) • Sets Secondary Succession in motion • Benefit: Cost efficient • Costs: Entire communities usually displaced or destroyed; causes soil erosion.

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches • Seed-tree: Small numbers of mature, healthy trees are left standing, to reseed the area. • Shelterwood: Involves leaving a few mature trees standing to provide shelter for seedlings • Benefit: Less damaging than clear-cutting • Cost: As with clear-cutting, leads to mostly even-aged regrowth

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Selection Systems • Relatively few trees are cut at once under a selection system. • Selection can involve widely spaced single trees or groups. • Benefits: • More biodiverse, uneven-aged growth • Less overall environmental damage • Costs: • Machinery disturbs forest interior. • Expensive process • More dangerous for loggers

Effects of Timber Harvesting Succession will occur after harvesting to reestablish community damaged. Succession: series of community changes leading to climax community Primary succession: from rock (after glacier, volcano) Secondary succession: from soil (after clearcutting, fire) Creation of a microclimate inviting invasive species to replace original species due to the change in conditions Invasive species: nonnative species without natural predators Microclimate: different abiotic characteristics then normal ecosystem…. light, temperature, precipitation

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation • Unlike timber harvesting, deforestation replaces forested areas with some other land use, such as commercial or residential property. • Deforestation in tropical and arid regions has the most negative effects due to loss of biodiversity and desertification risk respectively. • Globally, deforestation adds CO 2 to Earth’s atmosphere.

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation in the United States • Deforestation for timber and farmland facilitated U. S. expansion to the west. • Wood felled for buildings and fuel during the pre- and early Industrial Revolution periods. • By the early 1900 s, very little old-growth forest (forest that has never been logged) remained in the United States. Did You Know? Once old-growth forest is logged, it may need hundreds of years to regrow.

Lesson 11. 2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation in Developing Nations • Timber from old-growth tropical rain forests is a source of income in developing nations. • Advanced technology enables deforestation to occur faster than it has in the United States. The border bewteen Haiti (left) and the Dominican Republic (right) shows Haiti’s deforestation. • Deforestation of tropical rain forests has an enormously negative effect on global species diversity.

Lesson 11. 3 Forest Management Most logging in the U. S. takes place on private land, but timber companies are also allowed to harvest trees in National Forests under supervision by the U. S. Forest Service.

Lesson 11. 3 Forest Management U. S. National Forests • The national forest system was established in 1905 out of the fear of a timber famine. • Originally set aside to grow trees for timber and to protect watersheds • Today, managed by the U. S. Forest Service, for timber, recreation, wildlife habitat, and mining (multiple use) • Timber is harvested by private timber companies • Forest Service (government) plant and manage timber sales and build road

Lesson 11. 3 Forest Management National Forest Management Act (1976) • Requires that renewable resource management plans be made for each national forest • Plans are required to be consistent with the principles of multiple use and maximum sustainable yield. • Logging has declined in national forests since passage of the Act, but policies are vulnerable to political influence. • Example: Roadless rule limited building of new roads in national forests…it was repelled in 2005

Lesson 11. 3 Forest Management Logging on Private Land • Most logging in the U. S. takes place on privately owned tree plantations. • A tree plantation is typically an even-aged monoculture with little habitat variety or biodiversity. • Use of plantations for timber protects National Forests from being logged.

Lesson 11. 3 Forest Management Fire Policies • Fire Suppression: • Negative effects on ecosystems that depend on fire (example: Jack pine and Kirtland’s Warler) • Fuel for future fires accumulates (limbs, sticks, and leaf litter). • Suppressing small fires increases likelihood of larger, dangerous fires. • Prescribed Burns: • Carefully controlled burning helps to reduce fuel buildup and to restore ecosystems. • Rarely burn out of control, but occasional accidents frighten the public.

Lesson 11. 3 Forest Management Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003) • Encourages prescribed burns • Promotes salvage logging— removal of small trees, underbrush, and snags by timber companies • Seen as harmful by many scientists and environmental advocates • Salvage logging can slow forest regrowth, promotes wildfires (roads/machinery), and destroys snags— habitat for wildlife.

Lesson 11. 3 Forest Management Sustainable Forestry Products • Independent organizations certify that wood products are produced sustainably. • Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has the strictest standards and most widely accepted certification process. • Certified wood costs more to produce, but will be supplied by timber companies if there is Did You Know? In British Columbia, Canada, 70% of the annual timber harvest is certified.