Chapter 11 Digestive System Copyright 2014 2012 2009

Chapter 11 Objective 1: Identify organs and structures of the digestive system. Copyright ©

Digestive System The digestive tract, also known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal

Functions of the Digestive System Functions of the digestive tract are ingestion, the taking

Organs of the Digestive System Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994,

Organs of the Digestive Tract • mouth: opening through which food passes into the

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • tongue: consists mostly of skeletal muscle; it

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • esophagus: 10 -inch tube that is a

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • large intestine: approx. 5 feet tube that

Accessory Organs • salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth to begin

Accessory Organs (cont’d) • gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the

Other Structures • peritoneum: serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities •

Review Question In choledocholithiasis, which is the word root that means stone? a) doch

Chapter 11 Objective 2: Define and spell word parts related to the digestive system.

Combining Forms of the Digestive Tract • • an/o antr/o cec/o col/o, colon/o duoden/o

Combining Forms of the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms •

Prefix and Suffix • Prefix § hemi- • Suffix § -pepsia Copyright © 2014,

Chapter 11 Objective 3: Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms related to

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts • appendicitis (animation on Student Evolve

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) • • • hepatitis hepatoma

Review Question Which is inflammation of a structure of the mouth? a) proctoptosis b)

Chapter 11 Objective 6: Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the digestive

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts • • abdominal aphagia celiac colorectal duodenal dyspepsia

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) • nasogastric (animation on Student Evolve site)

Chapter 11 Objective 8: Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements,

Radiology Report ENCOUNTER DATE: 2/17/20 XX EXAMINATION: Abdominal Ultrasound HISTORY: Nausea, fatigue, and jaundice.

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Chapter 11 Objective 1: Identify organs and structures of the digestive system. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Digestive System The digestive tract, also known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract, abbreviated as GI tract, is a long continuous tube comprising the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs are the salivary glands, liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Functions of the Digestive System Functions of the digestive tract are ingestion, the taking of nutrients though the mouth; digestion, the mechanical and chemical break down of food for use by body cells; absorption, the transfer of digested food from the small intestine to the blood steam; and elimination, the removal of solid waste from the body. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Organs of the Digestive Tract • mouth: opening through which food passes into the body; breaks food into small particles by mastication and mixing with saliva – palate: separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity – soft palate: posterior portion (not supported by bone) – hard palate: anterior portion (supported by bone) – uvula: soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • tongue: consists mostly of skeletal muscle; it provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech • pharynx (throat): performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • esophagus: 10 -inch tube that is a passageway for food, extending from the pharynx to the stomach – peristalsis, involuntary wavelike movements that propel food along the digestive tract; begins in the esophagus Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food; container food • small intestine: 20 -foot tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d) • large intestine: approx. 5 feet tube that extends from the ileum to the anus; absorption of water and transit of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the large intestine Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Accessory Organs • salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth to begin the digestion process • liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats • bile ducts: passageways that carry bile: Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

Accessory Organs (cont’d) • gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver • pancreas: produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Other Structures • peritoneum: serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities • appendix: small pouch, which has no known function, attached to the cecum • abdomen: portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Review Question In choledocholithiasis, which is the word root that means stone? a) doch b) lith c) chol Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Chapter 11 Objective 2: Define and spell word parts related to the digestive system. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Combining Forms of the Digestive Tract • • an/o antr/o cec/o col/o, colon/o duoden/o enter/o esophag/o • • • gastr/o ile/o jejun/o or/o, stomat/o proct/o, rect/o sigmoid/o Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Combining Forms of the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms • abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o • append/o, appendic/o • cheil/o • cholangi/o • chol/e • choledoch/o • diverticul/o • gingiv/o • gloss/o, lingu/o • • • hepat/o herni/o palat/o pancreat/o peritone/o polyp/o pylor/o sial/o steat/o uvul/o Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Chapter 11 Objective 3: Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms related to the digestive system. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts • appendicitis (animation on Student Evolve site) • cholangioma • cholecystitis (animation on Student Evolve site) • choledocholithiasis • cholelithiasis • colitis • diverticulitis (animation on Student Evolve site) • diverticulosis • esophagitis • gastroenteritis • gastroenterocolitis • gingivitis • glossitis Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) • • • hepatitis hepatoma palatitis pancreatitis peritonitis (animation on Student Evolve site) • polyposis • • • proctoptosis rectocele sialolith steatohepatitis uvulitis Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21

Review Question Which is inflammation of a structure of the mouth? a) proctoptosis b) uvulitis c) esophagitis Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22

Chapter 11 Objective 6: Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the digestive system. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts • • abdominal aphagia celiac colorectal duodenal dyspepsia dysphagia • • enteropathy esophageal gastric gastroenterologist gastroenterology gastromalacia hepatomegaly ileocecal Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) • nasogastric (animation on Student Evolve site) • oral • pancreatic • peritoneal • proctologist • • proctology rectal steatorrhea steatosis stomatitis stomatogastric sublingual Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25

Chapter 11 Objective 8: Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements, documents, and electronic health records. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26

Radiology Report ENCOUNTER DATE: 2/17/20 XX EXAMINATION: Abdominal Ultrasound HISTORY: Nausea, fatigue, and jaundice. FINDINGS: Multiple scans of the upper abdomen show no focal hepatic lesions. There are numerous small shadowing calculi within the gallbladder. The gallbladder wall is not thickened, there is no pericholecystic fluid collection. The common bile duct is normal in caliber, measuring 4 mm in maximum diameter. No calculi are seen within the common bile duct. The spleen is not enlarged. No focal abnormality is identified within the pancreas. IMPRESSION: Cholelithiasis. No associated biliary dilatation. The upper abdominal sonogram is otherwise normal. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27