Chapter 11 Defining and Assessing Learning Concept People

Performance Distinguished from Learning n Performance • ____________________________________ • Observable behavior n Learning •

General Performance Characteristics of Skill Learning n Five characteristics • _______________________ • ____________ ©

Assessing Learning by Observing Practice Performance n Performance curves • Line graph describing performance

Four General Trends Seen in Performance Curves See Figure 11. 2: A. ___________ §

Performance Curves for Kinematic Measures n Kinematic measures are difficult to present in performance

Assessing Learning by Retention Tests of a practiced skill that a learner performs following

Assessing Learning by Transfer Tests n ________________________________ n Test can involve: • Performing the

Assessing Learning from Coordination Dynamics n _____________________________ n Allows observation of the stabilities and

Practice Performance May Misrepresent Learning Two reasons: 1. ________________________________ ___ • e. g. ,

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Chapter 11 Defining and Assessing Learning Concept: People who assess learning must make inferences from observing performance during practice and tests © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Performance Distinguished from Learning n Performance • ____________________________________ • Observable behavior n Learning • Not directly observable • Must be inferred from observable behavior • Definition: ____________________________________ © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Assessing Learning by Observing Practice Performance n Performance curves • Line graph describing performance by plotting performance measures across practice trials or periods of time n Provide evidence of • ______ See example in Fig. 11. 1 • ______ © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Four General Trends Seen in Performance Curves See Figure 11. 2: A. ___________ § Proportional increases over trials or time B. ___________ § Early improvement but slows during latter practice C. ___________ § Slight improvement early but substantial improvement during later practice D. ___________ § Combination of A, B, & C curves © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Performance Curves for Kinematic Measures n Kinematic measures are difficult to present in performance curves like Fig. 11. 1 • ________________ n To assess improvement and consistency, one graph presented per trial or blocks (i. e. , sets) of trials • See Figure 11. 3 © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Assessing Learning by Retention Tests of a practiced skill that a learner performs following an interval of time after practice has ceased • _______________________________ n Purpose: _____________________________ © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Assessing Learning by Transfer Tests n ________________________________ n Test can involve: • Performing the practiced skill in a context or situation different from practice, e. g. : Availability of augmented feedback v Physical environment v Personal characteristics v • Performing a skill that is a novel variation of the practiced skill © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Assessing Learning from Coordination Dynamics n _____________________________ n Allows observation of the stabilities and transitions of the dynamics of movement coordination related to performing the skill • See example in Figure 11. 4 © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved

Practice Performance May Misrepresent Learning Two reasons: 1. ________________________________ ___ • e. g. , Winstein et al. (1996) experiment – described in A Closer Look 2. ________________________________ __ © 2011 Mc. Graw-Hill Higher Education. rights reserved • e. g. , Franks &All Wilberg (1982) experiment