CHAPTER 11 Communication and Collaboration Designing the User

CHAPTER 11: Communication and Collaboration Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction Sixth Edition Ben Shneiderman, Catherine Plaisant, Maxine S. Cohen, Steven M. Jacobs, and Niklas Elmqvist Addison Wesley is an imprint of in collaboration with © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Communication and Collaboration Topics 1. Introduction 2. Models of Collaboration 3. Specific Goals and Contexts 4. Design Consideration 1 -2 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -2

Introduction • Constant and immediate communication and interaction with family, friends, collaborators, colleagues, coworkers, and even pets is now commonplace in the increasingly networked world! – Social networks, newsfeeds, alerts and have become part of our daily lives – Designers need to consider the downsides and negative exigencies of such systems – Communication and collaboration tools shape the ability to work and accomplish shared goals with one another – Design for these systems can be more complex than single-user interfaces because of its far-reaching, networked, and social aspects 1 -3 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -3

***Positives of Online Connectivity 1 -4 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ.

***Negatives of Online Connectivity ● ● ● Cyberbullying Criminal Activity Propaganda Deception Changes to interpersonal relationships 1 -5 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Social Shaping of Software https: //www. plagiarismtoday. com/2014/07/17/ twitter-plagiarism-retweeting/ https: //www. twitch. tv/twitch 1 -6 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Introduction (concluded) • A network map made with Node. XL software shows the polarized nature of the conversation on Twitter around the #My 2 k hashtag that emerge over U. S. budget struggles in 2012 https: //nodexlgraphgallery. org/Pages/Graph. aspx? graph. ID=2272 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 -7 11 -7

Models of Collaboration • Consider a typical day for a digital native: – – – wake up check social networking accounts to get the latest news go to work and collaboratively edit a report chat with an office colleague about the new intern post a question to a Q/A site about a statistical test needed to complete the report on the way out of the office text message a significant other to coordinate dinner plans – after dinner receive a crowd-based recommendation for a movie to watch • Each of these activities hinges on communication – Which activities are similar or different from a design perspective? 1 -8 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -8

***Time/Space Matrix • Collaborative interfaces are traditionally broken into four subcategories based upon the time/space relation between the users – – Same time, same place (synchronous, co-located) Same time, different place (synchronous, remote) Different time, same place (asynchronous, co-located) Different time, different place (asynchronous, remote) • Problem: oversimplified representation 1 -9 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Model of Coordinated Action (Mo. CA) • Incorporates more of the subtleties of modern communication and cooperation • Seven dimensions of Mo. CA – – – – Synchronicity Physical Distribution Scale Number of Communities of Practice Nascence Planned Permanence Turnover 1 -10 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Models of Collaboration (continued) • The seven dimensions of the Model of Coordinated Action (Mo. CA) model [Lee and Paine, 2015] © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 -11 11 -11

***Synchronicity • The time delay between users’ actions • Most modern collaborative interfaces have synchronous and asynchronous elements – Synchronicity can depend upon both the design of the system itself as well as the social expectations of the users 1 -12 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Models of Collaboration (continued) • Synchronicity: the Google Docs interface showing how multiple users can simultaneously be editing a document • Note that colored flags for different users offer concrete feedback that signals who is editing a particular part of the document • In the lower right corner a chat box invites users to synchronously converse with each other around the document © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 -13 11 -13

***Physical Distribution • Teams can be located all over the world • Greater distribution can introduce new problems – – – Cultural Differences Time Delay Scheduling 1 -14 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Scale • Number of participants involved in collaboration • The more collaborators there are, the more difficult it is to manage contributions • Greater scale generally involves varying degrees of contribution – – Structured Hierarchy Free and Open Contribution 1 -15 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Number of Communities of Practice • Degree of Interdisciplinarity • Different projects require different levels of diversity – – Can lead to miscommunication Different way of thinking Different vocabulary Different Standards • Collaborating on a group essay for a class vs. developing a new product based on a scientific discovery (or a football team) 1 -16 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Nascence • How new is the group and how well established is coordination and cooperation • Relates to lifespan and success of the group • Much greater organizational flux in the early stages 1 -17 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Planned Permanence • Not all organizations are meant to endure – – – Crisis response teams Class project groups Service projects • Communication is important regardless of where a group falls on the spectrum – – – Consistent vocabulary Logical formatting Potentially a new set of standards 1 -18 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Turnover • Member stability • Methods of coordination can change based on the flow of people in and out of collaboration • Distinguishing experienced members vs. new members • Examples with large turnover • Examples with small turnover 1 -19 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Models of Collaboration (concluded) • Communication is integral to modern day-to-day life • Collaboration can be modeled using the 7 dimensions of the Model of Coordinated Action • Differences along these spectrums require different strategies to manage the organization 1 -20 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Specific Goals and Contexts • People collaborate because doing so is satisfying or productive • Collaboration allows individuals: – To reap the emotional rewards of socializing and interacting with others – To accomplish greater goals than they could alone – To meet and transact with people that they otherwise could not • Snap. Chat is an app that allows for the composition of photos, doodles, and emoji’s that when sent to friends can 1 -21 only be viewed from 1 -10 seconds as shown by the small clock with the “ 10” in the left corner of the composition UI © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -21

Specific Goals and Contexts (continued)*** • Most people exchange ideas, information, and knowledge through conversation. • Body language, facial expressions, and gestures can also be used to communicate 1 -22 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Specific Goals and Contexts (continued) Communication and Conversation, e. g. Snap. Chat Online Markets, e. g. e. Bay Meeting Coordination, e. g. dating web sites Creative Production, e. g. Git. Hub version control Crowdsourcing and Crowdwork, e. g. restaurant reviews, e. g. sites to hire contractors • Entertainment and Gaming, e. g. Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG) • Education, e. g. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. • • • 1 -23 11 -23

Specific Goals and Contexts (continued)*** • Conversation systems can vary in synchronicity – Face to face video vs email • They can also vary in scale – Messaging 1 person vs a group email 1 -24 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Specific Goals and Contexts (continued) • Historical 1906 menu from Fleischmann’s Bakery digitized by the New York Public Library in collaboration with thousands of crowdsource volunteers who helped type in individual menu items • Note the UI list at right reflects and allows for navigation of items to be digitized © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. http: //menus. nypl. org/menu_pages/5247 1 -25 11 -25

Specific Goals and Contexts (concluded) • The Bootlegger app allows users to coordinate the creative production of videos around live events 1 -26 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -26

Team Context: Developers*** • Collaborative Coding – Designed for pair programing – Designed for Team programing – Probably Designed for Management snooping – Better productivity – Student productivity 1 -27 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Team Context: Developers*** • Features – Shows who edited what – Shows what team

Team Context: Developers*** • Design goals – Stream lined usage across multiple tools – Communication between multiple tools – Similar design between tools • Team members work in a similar manner • Team members can help other members – Record of edits between users – (VIDEO START AT 2: 10) 1 -29 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Team Context: Designers*** • Collaborative Design – Emphasize design consistency – Ease of Use

Team Context: Designers*** • Design goals – File system sync – Comments, reviews and versions – Asset sharing – Designed to encourage color consistency – Minimize user errors – No coding required 1 -31 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Team Context: Scientists • • Web based Minimal CS experience needed Good for examples

Personal/Coworker Experience*** • Graphic Designer / Adobe CC – Management Snooping – Micromanaging • Colab / Jupyter Notebook – Python examples – Proof of Concept 1 -33 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Hello Erik Thank you for your attention, the next part of the presentation is

Design Considerations • Cognitive Factors – – Common Ground Social Cues Activity Awareness Interruptions • Individual Factors – – – Privacy Identity Trust and Reputation Motivation Leadership • Collective Factors © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 -35 11 -35

***Cognitive Factors Explained – Common Ground: Common knowledge shared between users – Social Cues: Nonverbal or pictorial cues that additional information to what’s being communicated – Activity Awareness: The visibility of activities performed by other users – Interruptions: Negative changes to the quality of communication between users 1 -36 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Design Considerations (continued) • Common Ground: a tweet on Twitter can embedded references in several ways, including referencing another person’s account (i. e. @FILWD) as well as referencing and quoting another person’s entire tweet, providing vital context and citation for the information © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 -37 11 -37

Design Considerations (continued) • Social Cues: Emoji use varies across cultures http: //www. scribd. com/doc/262594751/Swift. Key-Emoji-Report 1 -38 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -38

Design Considerations (continued) • Activity Awareness: A Git. Hub dashboard charting project activity over time and indicating two users who are active in the project including their overall coding activity as well as volume over time • More details on activity are available by drilling into individual users © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 -39 11 -39

***Design Considerations (continued) Interruptions Example 1 -40 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken,

***Individual Factors Explained – Privacy: Users want to be able to control the level of access others have into their personal information – Identity: Users want to have control over their ability to identify or hide themselves – Trust and Reputation: Users want to be able to trust the information they see – Motivation: Understanding why users are utilizing a given platform – Leadership: Users should be able to “guide and direct” their activities between others 1 -41 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Design Considerations (continued) Privacy: The privacy options available to Facebook users regarding potential activities on their timeline. 1 -42 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Design Considerations (continued) Identity: This list shows the Youtube channels with the highest subscriber count. Note how some usernames are original, others are the names of companies, and one channel (Justin Bieber’s) has the creator’s actual name as the title. 1 -43 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Design Considerations (continued) • Trust and Reputation: A user page on Yelp showing a variety of social activity context including volume of activity like reviews and photos, an “elite” badge, a graph of ratings previously made, feedback on the user’s reviews including if they were useful, funny, or cool, and other compliments 1 -44 • This rich information can help others understand the reliability of this user © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -44

***Design Considerations (continued) Motivation: This is the community details page for the subreddit r/Choosing. Beggars, which states what users should be motivated to share in this community. 1 -45 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Design Considerations (continued) Leadership: Jira is a software that allows for developers using the Agile methodology to track their progress in the current sprint 1 -46 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Collective Factors • Collective Factors – Deviance – Moderation – Policies and Norms 1

***Social Norms https: //www. express. co. uk/news/world/1005215/switz erland-citizenship-shake-hands-islam-muslimsinterview http: //themodernvedic. com/logicalatheist/spirituality-behind-bowing-greeting/ 1 -48 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Deviance- Breaking Social Norms https: //www. quor a. com/What-doyou-think-ofpeople-whopurposefully-usea-urinal-next-tosomeone-even-ifthere-are-otheropen-ones https: //www. propertyturkey. com/blogturkey/13 -unspoken-turkish-rules-you-mightnot-know 1 -49 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

***Moderation • Promote positive behavior • Stop negative behavior 1 -50 © 2017 Pearson

***Moderation • Designated people/professionals moderate • The community moderates itself • Algorithms assist with

Design Considerations (concluded) • Moderation: In the New York Times commenting system they mark some comments as “Times Picks” with a bright yellow badge, indicating it is an exceptional comment and signaling norms about what constitutes an interesting and valuable contribution to the comment thread. 1 -52 http: //www. nytimes. com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria. html? _r=0 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 -52

***Policies and Norms 1 -53 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All

1. Introduction- Derek 2. Models of Collaboration- Michael 3. Specific Goals and Contexts- Miles and Matthew 4. Design Consideration- Erik and Derek Q&A 1 -54 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. , Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.