Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions Anything in black letters

Chapter 11 Chemical Reactions Anything in black letters = write it in your notes (‘knowts’)

11. 1 – Describing Chemical Rxns Chemical equations represent chemical reactions Reactants Products Reactant mass = Product mass # reactant atoms = # product atoms Chemical equations must be balanced to obey the LAW!

Word Equations “Sodium carbonate reacts with calcium chloride to produce sodium chloride and calcium carbonate” Chemical Equations Na 2 CO 3 + Ca. Cl 2 Na. Cl + Ca. CO 3 This is a ‘skeleton’ equation It is NOT balanced

Na 2 CO 3 + Ca. Cl 2 2 Na. Cl + Ca. CO 3 subscripts coefficient When balancing equations, never change subscripts. Instead, add coefficients

When balancing equations, never change subscripts. Instead, add coefficients 2 H 2 + O 2 → 2 H 2 O 2 Al + 3 F 2 → 2 Al. F 3 2 Na. Cl. O 3 → 2 Na. Cl + 3 O 2

More on Chemical Equations Symbols Used in Chemical Equations Symbol Explanation Use in place of → for reversible reactions (s), (l), (g) (aq) Designates a reactant or product in the solid state, liquid state, or gaseous state; placed after the formula Designates an aqueous solution; the substance is dissolved in water; placed after the formula Δ or heat Pt Indicates that heat is supplied to the reaction A formula written above or below the yields sign indicates its use as a catalyst (in this example, platinum). Catalyst – substance that speeds up a chem. rxn but is not part of the chem. equation

ASSIGNMENT: Chapter 11 #1 -11 (p. 349 – 354) Common acids: H 2 SO 4 – sulfuric acid HCl – hydrochloric acid HNO 3 – nitric acid

Balancing Equations Help… 1. Balance 1 element at a time, from left to right. 2. Treat any polyatomic ions as single units if they are on both sides of the reaction. 3 Zn(OH) 2 + 2 H 3 PO 4 → Zn 3(PO 4)2 + 6 H 2 O (OH) is NOT on both sides There is a (PO 4) on each side

Balancing Equations Hints… 3. Odd # atoms → even # atoms; multiply through by 2 2 CH 3 OH + 3 O 2 → 2 CO 2 4 + 2 H 2 O 4. Balance oxygen last, it just helps sometimes. 5. Remember, N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2, H 2

Ch. 6 Quiz #1 Balance the following chemical equations 1. Fe. Cl 3 + H 2 S → Fe. Cl 2 + 2. Mn. O 2 + HCl → Mn. Cl 2 + HCl H 2 O + S + Cl 2 Hydrochloric acid reacts with solid sodium hydrogen carbonate. The products formed are aqueous sodium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide gas. Write a skeleton equation for this chemical reaction.

11. 2 – Types of Chemical Rxns Most chemical rxns will fit into 1 of 5 types. 1. Combination 2. Decomposition 3. Single Replacement 4. Double Replacement 5. Combustion

1. Combination A + B → AB Magnesium metal and oxygen gas combine to form the compound magnesium oxide. 2 Mg(s) + O 2 → 2 Mg. O(s)

2. Decomposition AB → A + B 2 Hg. O(s) heat 2 Hg(l) + O 2(g)

3. Single Replacement A + BC → AB + C 2 K(s) + 2 H 2 O(l) → 2 KOH(aq) + H 2

4. Double Replacement AB + CD → AC + BD

5. Combustion A substance reacts with oxygen (O 2) and releases energy If the substance is a hydrocarbon, then CO 2 and H 2 O are products,

CH 4(g) + 2 O 2(g) → CO 2(g) + 2 H 2 O(g)

Which type of reaction? H 2 O electricity H 2(g) + O 2(g) K 2 CO 3(aq) + Ba. Cl 2(aq) → 2 KCl(aq) + Ba. CO 3(s) 2 KI(aq) + Pb(NO 3)2(aq) → Pb. I 2 + 2 KNO 3(aq) 2 Fe(s) + 3 S(g) → Fe 2 S 3(s) 2 Na. N 3(s) → 2 Na(s) + 3 N 2(g) 2 K(s) + Cl 2(g) → 2 KCl(s) S(s) + O 2(g) → SO 2(g)

Zn(s) + Cu(NO 3)2(aq) → Cu(s) + Zn(NO 3)2(aq) 2 C 8 H 18(l) + 25 O 2(g) → 16 CO 2(g) + 18 H 2 O(g) Cl 2(aq) + 2 Na. Br(aq) → 2 Na. Cl(aq) + Br 2(aq) 2 Mg(s) + O 2(g) → 2 Mg. O(s) Cu(s) + S(s) → Cu. S(s)

Can you do these? a) Al + b) C 3 H 8 c) Fe. SO 4 d) F 2 + + Na. Cl. O 3 O 2 → Al. F 3 → CO 2 + H 2 O Ba(OH)2 → Fe(OH)2 + Ba. SO 4 → + Na. Cl O 2

Exploratory info for next chapters… What does a coefficient mean? 4 Ag + O 2 → 2 Ag 2 O _____ atoms of Ag will react with _____ molecule(s) of O 2 to form _____ formula units of Ag 2 O A coefficient represents the combining ratio of reactants & products in a chemical rxn.

Exploratory info for next chapters… 4 Ag + O 2 → 2 Ag 2 O 1. How many molecules of oxygen (O 2) would be needed to react with 4 atoms of silver? 2. How many molecules of oxygen (O 2) would be needed to react with 8 atoms of silver? 3. How many formula units of silver oxide would be formed in 1? In 2?

Exploratory info for next chapters… 4 Ag + O 2 → 2 Ag 2 O How many oxygen molecules would be needed to form 20 formula units of silver oxide? How many atoms of silver would be required as well?

Exploratory info for next chapters… 4 Ag + O 2 → 2 Ag 2 O If 20 atoms of silver react with 20 molecules of oxygen, which reactant would be used up completely? Which reactant would be leftover? How many formula units of silver oxide would be formed?

Exploratory info for next chapters… Limiting Reactant that is completely used up; limits the amount of product that can be produced. Excess Reactant that remains un-reacted; is not completely used up.

Exploratory info for next chapters… Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2 1. How many molecules of CO are needed to produce 4 atoms of Fe? 6 CO molecules 2. How much Fe 2 O 3 is assumed to be present in the question above? Assuming that there is at least 2 formula units of Fe 2 O 3

ASSIGNMENT: Chapter 11 Worksheet #2

Chapter 11 #38, 39, 41 -44, 48 -55 (p. 377) 38. a) 2 Mg + O 2 2 Mg. O b) 4 P + 5 O 2 2 P 2 O 5 c) Ca + S Ca. S 39. a) 2 Ag 2 O 4 Ag + O 2 b) NH 4 NO 3 N 2 O + 2 H 2 O

Chapter 11 #38, 39, 41 -44, 48 -55 (p. 377) 41. a) H 2 C 2 O 4 + 2 KOH K 2 C 2 O 4 + 2 H 2 O b) Cd. Br 2 + Na 2 S Cd. S + 2 Na. Br 42. a) C 4 H 8 + 6 O 2 4 CO 2 + 4 H 2 O b) C 3 H 6 O + 4 O 2 3 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O

Chapter 11 #38, 39, 41 -44, 48 -55 (p. 377) 43. a) 3 Hf + 2 N 2 Hf 3 N 4; combination b) Mg + H 2 SO 4 Mg. SO 4 + H 2; sngl. rpl. c) 2 C 2 H 6 + 7 O 2 4 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O; combustion d) Pb(NO 3)2 + 2 Na. I PBI 2 + 2 Na. NO 3; dbl. rpl. 44. Every decomposition rxn has a single reactant.

Chapter 11 #38, 39, 41 -44, 48 -55 (p. 377) 48. a) Cl 2 + 2 KI I 2 + 2 KCl b) 2 Fe + 6 HCl 2 Fe. Cl 3 + 3 H 2 c) P 4 O 10 + 6 H 2 O 4 H 3 PO 4 49. a) Cl 2 + 2 Na. I 2 Na. Cl + I 2 b) 2 NH 3 N 2 + 3 H 2 c) 4 Na + O 2 2 Na 2 O

Chapter 11 #38, 39, 41 -44, 48 -55 (p. 377) 50. a) Zn. S + H 2 SO 4 H 2 S + Zn. SO 4 b) Na. OH + HNO 3 H 2 O + Na. NO 3 c) 2 KF + Ca(NO 3)2 Ca. F 2 + 2 KNO 3 51. a) Na 2 O + H 2 O 2 Na. OH b) H 2 + Br 2 2 HBr c) Cl 2 O 7 + H 2 O 2 HCl. O 4

Chapter 11 #38, 39, 41 -44, 48 -55 (p. 377) 52. a) Fe + H 2 SO 4 Fe. SO 4 + H 2 b) No rxn c) Br 2 + Ba. I 2 Ba. Br 2 + I 2 53. a) Tube a contains the sodium metal b) 2 Na + 2 H 2 O 2 Na. OH + H 2; sngl. rpl.

Chapter 11 #38, 39, 41 -44, 48 -55 (p. 377) 54. a) 2 C 8 H 18 + 25 O 2 16 CO 2 + 18 H 2 O b) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O c) HC 2 H 3 O 2 + 2 O 2 2 CO 2 + 2 H 2 O 55. a) 2 Al 2 O 3 4 Al + 3 O 2 b) Sn(OH)4 Sn. O 2 + 2 H 2 O c) Ag 2 CO 3 Ag 2 O + CO 2