CHAPTER 11 BANDURAS SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY Chapter 11

CHAPTER 11 BANDURA’S SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

Chapter 11 Outline

Chapter 11 Outline I. III. IV. V. This Chapter Social Learning Overview of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory Operant Conditioning in Observational Learning Cognitive Influences In Bandura's Social/Cognitive Theory VI. Applications of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory VII. Bandura's Social/Cognitive Theory: An Appraisal Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 3

Social Learning

Socially Accepted Behaviors: The Product • The product of social learning is knowledge of what is socially acceptable • Socially accepted behaviors can vary – among cultures – for different ages and sexes • One of the most important tasks of child rearing is to socialize youngsters • Socializing agencies Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 5

Albert Bandura (1925– ) • Born in a small farming community in Canada • He took a psychology course simply to fill a gap in his early morning schedule as an undergraduate • Psychology fascinated him, and he earned a Ph. D. in clinical psychology from Iowa State University • He developed a social cognitive theory of human behavior • 200+ articles, books, and book chapters • Served as president of the American Psychological Association Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 6

Learning Social Behaviors: The Process • Imitation (observational learning) • Bandura’s early theorizing was initially based squarely on B. F. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning • He later expanded his theory as he came to recognize the importance of cognitive activities such as imagining and anticipating Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 7

Overview of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

Models • Model: any representation of a pattern for behaving • Symbolic models: – – – – oral or written instructions pictures book characters mental images cartoon or film characters television actors computer-based training programs, such as pilot training or medical instruction with computer-controlled simulators Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 9

Four Processes in Observational Learning • • Attentional Processes Retention Processes Motor Reproduction Processes Motivational Processes Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 10

Matching Performance Modeled Events The four processes involved in observational learning Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 11

Operant Conditioning in Observational Learning

Sources of Reinforcement in Imitation • Direct Reinforcement – reinforced directly by the model – actual consequences of the imitated behavior • Vicarious Reinforcement – the imitator is not actually reinforced directly – simply being imitated may be reinforcing Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 13

Classical Conditioning in Observational Learning • Conditioned emotional responses (CERs), acquired through classical conditioning, are often involved in determining whether or not a behavior will be imitated. • Positive and negative CERs Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 14

Three Effects of Imitation • The Modeling Effect • Inhibitory and Disinhibitory Effects • The Eliciting Effect Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 15

Some of the results from Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s (1961) study of children’s interactions with a Bobo doll following exposure to models interacting aggressively or non-aggressively with the doll. Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 16

Modeling/Disinhibitory Effect Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 17

Cognitive Influences In Bandura's Social/Cognitive Theory

Behavior Control Systems • Stimulus Control • Outcome Control • Symbolic Control • Illustrations Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 19

Behavior Control Systems Control System Definition Example Stimulus Control Behaviors controlled directly by antecedent conditions (by stimuli) Reflexes and classically conditioned responses. i. e. Watson’s Little Albert crying when he sees a white rat. Outcome Control Behaviors controlled by Behaviors learned through operant their consequences conditioning. i. e. Sarah, who has occasionally won a small “jackpot” plugging dollar after dollar into the slot machine—until she finally reaches her last dollar Symbolic Control Behaviors controlled by thought processes such as the ability to visualize and anticipate Guy R. Lefrançois Behaviors without immediate rewards, but associated with anticipation of longterm rewards. i. e. Edward studies like a fiend all week hoping to ace the exam and win a scholarship Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 20

Bandura's Agentic Perspective • People are agents of their own actions • Three main features of human agency: – Intentionality – Forethought – Self-Reactiveness and Self-Reflection • Personal Efficacy • Collective Efficacy Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 21

Reciprocal Determinism • Early explanations of social learning • Latter revisions to theory • Not only do we anticipate the consequences of our behavior and govern ourselves accordingly, but we also often deliberately shape our environments • Reciprocal determinism: we both affect and are affected by our environment Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 22

Bandura’s notion of triadic reciprocal determinism. Behavior, the person, and the environment all mutually influence and change each other. Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 23

Applications of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory

Observational Learning • Learning by imitating models • Imitation might be evident in: – novel behaviors (modeling effect) – the suppression or appearance of deviant behaviors (inhibitory-disinhibitory effect) – the appearance of behaviors related to those of the model (eliciting effect) • Some of the most important models in advanced technological societies are symbolic • Teachers use models extensively in the classroom – Instructions, directions, the teacher’s behaviors, other students’ behaviors Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 25

Behavior Control Systems • Some classroom behaviors appear to be under relatively direct control of specific stimuli (i. e. , rules, routines, verbal signals, bells, buzzers, gestures, etc. ) • Many classroom behaviors are affected by outcomes rather than by preceding stimuli (i. e. , praise, criticism, reinforcers, punishers, time-outs, etc. ) • Closely related to stimulus or outcome control are the effects of the individual’s ability to symbolize and anticipate the likely consequences of various behaviors Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 26

Personal Agency and Self-Efficacy • Our judgments of self-efficacy are important determiners of what we do and don’t do • Positive judgments of self-efficacy • Low evaluations of personal competence • Therapeutic interventions • Four main sources of influence: enactive, vicarious, persuasory, arousal Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 27

Bandura's Social/Cognitive Theory: An Appraisal Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory

An Appraisal of Bandura’s Theory • Serves as an important bridge between behavioristic and more cognitive theories • Serves as an excellent example of how psychological theories don’t need to be static and unchanging • Tends to reflect research findings well and has successfully incorporated new findings and new ideas over a span of some decades • Is useful in a practical sense • Influences on therapy development • Exerts a huge influence on the study of motivation, learning, and social psychology Guy R. Lefrançois Theories of Human Learning: What the Professor Said 6 e Ch. 11: Social Cognitive Theory 29