CHAPTER 11 AGRICULTURE Organic agriculture introduction producing crops

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CHAPTER 11 AGRICULTURE

CHAPTER 11 AGRICULTURE

Organic agriculture (introduction) producing crops without any man made materials (pesticides, fertilizers) • Most

Organic agriculture (introduction) producing crops without any man made materials (pesticides, fertilizers) • Most organic food sold in core countries • Organic crops produced in all levels of countries but shipped to core countries • Benefits environment with less chemicals in water and soil

Economic Activities • Primary- jobs that work directly with nature (farming, hunting, forestry) •

Economic Activities • Primary- jobs that work directly with nature (farming, hunting, forestry) • Secondary- take primary products and manufacture them into other products

 • Tertiary- service jobs (do not produce anything but their service- teachers, lawyers)

• Tertiary- service jobs (do not produce anything but their service- teachers, lawyers) – Quaternary- exchange of money (bankers) – Quinary- exchange of information (scientist)

 • By looking at what sector is dominant, you can see the countries

• By looking at what sector is dominant, you can see the countries development • Example – Guatemala 50% ag/ 35% tertiary (semi periphery) – Canada 2% Ag/ 75% tertiary (core)

Where did Ag begin? • Agriculture- the deliberate tending of crops or livestock to

Where did Ag begin? • Agriculture- the deliberate tending of crops or livestock to produce food – ½ the grains made in the US are consumed by livestock

First Ag. Revolution • History- hunting, fishing, and gathering preceded farming • Used ancient

First Ag. Revolution • History- hunting, fishing, and gathering preceded farming • Used ancient tools and perfected things like fire • First Rev. known for the planting of crops

 • Ag. Allowed people to settle down in one place • Plant domestication-

• Ag. Allowed people to settle down in one place • Plant domestication- planting and harvesting crops for your own use • Root crops- grown by plant selection of plant’s roots • Seed crops- produce plants from seeds

 • Most think agriculture began in Iran (fertile crescent) other areas of early

• Most think agriculture began in Iran (fertile crescent) other areas of early ag are Nile, west Africa, and China (theory maybe the first? ) • Crops diffused through exploration (corn was taken from Central America to US and Europe)

 • Animal domestication (using animals like sheep, goats and dogs in daily life)

• Animal domestication (using animals like sheep, goats and dogs in daily life) – Began when people became settled and attached to villages (protection and food) – Used animals for meat, labor, and milk

Modern day first ag. rev • Hunters and gathers still exist in Africa but

Modern day first ag. rev • Hunters and gathers still exist in Africa but running out of room • Subsistence Ag: growing enough food to survive • Shifting cultivation- found in tropical areas where you farm the land until it is dry and then move to new land – Slash and burn- where people burn underbrush to clear and fertilize new soil

 • Colonialism tries to end subsistence farming for cash crops (cotton, rubber, coffee,

• Colonialism tries to end subsistence farming for cash crops (cotton, rubber, coffee, tea) – Colonies made money; locals starved from lack of food – Still a problem today in former colonial countries

Second Ag. Revolution • Used machines in farming – Paired with the industrial revolution

Second Ag. Revolution • Used machines in farming – Paired with the industrial revolution and took agriculture from subsistence to producing extra – Brought new crops from colonization – Fertilizers were used and land sectioned off

Von Thunen • Man who created a model to explain how farming and economics

Von Thunen • Man who created a model to explain how farming and economics were linked through transportation • Setup towns in rings revolving around the market – – – Market Gardening and dairy (spoils fast) Forestry (heavy!) Grains (lighter to carry) Livestock (walk themselves)

Third Ag. Revolution • Using technology to manipulate agriculture and increase crop yields •

Third Ag. Revolution • Using technology to manipulate agriculture and increase crop yields • Green Revolution: (step 1 in third rev. ) occurred in Asia with crossbreeding of rice to create a “SUPER RICE” – Then used to create wheat and corn through hybrid seeds

 • Used worldwide: hybrid seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation • Allowed people to grow

• Used worldwide: hybrid seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation • Allowed people to grow more crops to feed their population (but still poor distribution) • Problems: disease resistant plants, water pollution, expensive to buy the seeds, soil pollution • Most farmers worldwide are women; many farms now changing into commercial farms

Agriculture and Landscape • Cadastral system- how land is defined and divided – Rectangular

Agriculture and Landscape • Cadastral system- how land is defined and divided – Rectangular survey- geometric division (straight lines like out west’s township and range) – Metes and bounds- division based on natural boundaries (east coast) – Longlot- land in narrow section that centers around a road or water – Primogeniture- old idea of only passing land to eldest son

Villages • • Round village Walled village Grid village Nucleated (cluster) settlement • Different

Villages • • Round village Walled village Grid village Nucleated (cluster) settlement • Different regions have different ways to represent wealth and success based on size or location of homes

Commercial agriculture- growing and harvesting crops to sell for a profit – Created monoculture

Commercial agriculture- growing and harvesting crops to sell for a profit – Created monoculture growing of one crop – Cash crops in periphery and semi periphery still occurring today with core owners of the farms • Refrigerated trucks helped change transporting food over long distances

Cash crops & plantation agriculture • Colonial powers brought cash crops to poor countries

Cash crops & plantation agriculture • Colonial powers brought cash crops to poor countries • Plantation agriculture- crops grown on large estates

 • Multinational corporations- (Dole) have protected against countries getting power over the land

• Multinational corporations- (Dole) have protected against countries getting power over the land to ensure that the company stays in control – Guatemala gov. coup sponsored by a fruit company

 • Cotton and rubber two most used cash crops • Luxury crops- tea,

• Cotton and rubber two most used cash crops • Luxury crops- tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco • Coffee the second most traded commodity in the world with US buys half • “fair trade” coffee is when farms meet qualifications and register to get “fair value” for their coffee

 • Livestock- raising of domesticated animals for meat and byproducts • Mediterranean- farming

• Livestock- raising of domesticated animals for meat and byproducts • Mediterranean- farming of crops that can only grow in the Med. Climate (olives, grapes, citrus) • Illegal drugs- usually grown in periphery/ semi periphery and sold to core – Coca & marijuana- South America – Opium and heroin- south asia – 92% of cocaine enters US through Mexico

 • Impacts of commercial agriculture – Fishing industry part of agriculture and fishing

• Impacts of commercial agriculture – Fishing industry part of agriculture and fishing stocks are decreasing – Clearing of land causes soil erosion and chemical runoff – Livestock increase with fast food chain increase has led to deforestation of the land for grazing land

 • Agribusiness- businesses that support farms and create a connection of production and

• Agribusiness- businesses that support farms and create a connection of production and exchange – Tyson chicken- runs all parts of the industry from the baby chicks to the processed fried frozen chicken • Collective farms- communist experiment to have everyone work on one big farm (FAILED)

 • Loss of productive land – Urban sprawl taking over farm land for

• Loss of productive land – Urban sprawl taking over farm land for housing developments