Chapter 11 1 The Congress Copyright 2018 Cengage

Learning Objectives 2 11. 1 Describe the major powers of the Congress as granted

The Functions of Congress 1 of 3 3 o Homestyle and Hillstyle o Constituents

The Functions of Congress 2 of 3 44 4 Congressman Dennis Kucinich of Ohio

The Functions of Congress 3 of 3 55 5 o Service to Constituents 5

The Powers of Congress 6 o Enumerated Powers of the Senate o Constitutional Amendments

House-Senate Differences 7 o Size and Rules o Rules Committee o Debate and Filibustering

Differences between the House and the Senate 8 HOUSE SENATE Constitutional Differences Members chosen

Congresspersons and the Citizenry: A Comparison 9 o o o Age Race Previous Occupation

Characteristics of the 113 th Congress, 2013– 2015 10 U. S. Population, 2014 House

Congressional Elections 11 o Candidates for Congressional Elections o Congressional Campaigns and Elections o

Congressional Apportionment 1 of 3 12 o Apportionment o Reapportionment o Redistricting o Justiciable

The Original Gerrymander Source: Bettmann/CORBIS 13 13 13 The practice of “gerrymandering”—the excessive manipulation

Congressional Apportionment 2 of 3 14 o Nonpartisan Redistricting 14 Prepared by the Iowa

Congressional Apportionment 3 of 3 15 o “Minority-Majority” Districts o Constitutional Challenges o Changing

16 16 16 The Fourth Congressional District of Illinois 16 The 4 th district

Perks and Privileges 17 o Franking o Permanent Professional Staffs o More than 30,

Congressional Caucuses 18 Mark Wilson/Getty Images 18 The chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus,

The Committee Structure 1 of 2 19 19 19 AP Images/J. Scott Applewhite o

The Committee Structure 2 of 2 20 o Types of Congressional Committees o o

The Formal Leadership 21 21 21 House Leadership o o Speaker of the House

How Members of Congress Decide 1 of 2 22 o The Conservative Coalition o

How Members of Congress Decide 2 of 2 23 o Logrolling, Earmarks, and “Pork”

24 How A Bill Becomes a Law 24 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All

How Much Will the Government Spend? 1 of 2 25 o Executive Budget o

How Much Will the Government Spend? 2 of 2 26 o Congress Faces the

The Budget Cycle 27 27 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Leadership of Congress 28 Pool/Getty Images 28 President Obama hosts the Democratic and Republican

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Learning Objectives 2 11. 1 Describe the major powers of the Congress as granted by the U. S. Constitution. 11. 2 Explain the differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate with regard to their constituencies, terms of office, powers, and political processes. 2 11. 3 Describe the processes of reapportionment and redistricting. 11. 4 Discuss the importance of committees to the lawmaking process and to the ability of members of Congress to do their jobs. 11. 5 Describe the leadership structure in each house of Congress, noting the differences between the House and the Senate. 11. 6 Demonstrate how a bill becomes a law and explain how the different processes in the House and the Senate influence legislating. 11. 7 Explain how the federal budget is constructed and the legislative process for approving the budget. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Functions of Congress 1 of 3 3 o Homestyle and Hillstyle o Constituents o Bicameralism 3 o The Lawmaking Function o Logrolling o The Representation Function o The Trustee View of Representation o The Instructed-Delegate View of Representation Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Functions of Congress 2 of 3 44 4 Congressman Dennis Kucinich of Ohio speaks with a constituent at the local coffee shop. Tom Williams/Getty Images 4 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Functions of Congress 3 of 3 55 5 o Service to Constituents 5 o The Oversight Function o The Public-Education Function o The Conflict-Resolution Function Mark Wilson/Getty Images o Casework o Ombudsperson Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert Mc. Donald answers questions at a congressional hearing on the budget for his department. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Powers of Congress 6 o Enumerated Powers of the Senate o Constitutional Amendments 6 o The Necessary and Proper Clause o Article I, Section 8 o Checks on Congress Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

House-Senate Differences 7 o Size and Rules o Rules Committee o Debate and Filibustering 7 o Unanimous Consent Agreement o Unorthodox lawmaking o Prestige Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Differences between the House and the Senate 8 HOUSE SENATE Constitutional Differences Members chosen from local districts Members chosen from entire state Two-year term Six-year term Originally elected by voters Originally (until 1913) elected by state 8 legislatures May convict federal officials of impeachable offenses May impeach federal officials Process and Culture Larger (435 voting members) Smaller (100 members) More formal rules Fewer rules and restrictions Debate limited Debate extended Less prestige More prestige Specific Powers Originates bills for raising revenue Power to advise president and consent to treaties Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. appointments and

Characteristics of the 113 th Congress, 2013– 2015 10 U. S. Population, 2014 House Senate Age (Average) 36. 8 57 62 Percent minority 28% 18% 4% 1060% 93% 92% Religion Percent church members Percent Catholic 25. 1% 31% 24% Percent Protestant 51. 3% 56% 55% Percent Jewish 1. 2% 7. 3% 13% Percent female 50. 9% 17. 5% 17% Lawyers 0. 4% 23. 9% 37% Blue-collar occupations 30% 1. 6% 3% Military veteran 7. 6% 21. 4% 28. 9% Percent households earning over $50, 000 42% 100% Assets more than $1 million 1% Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 42% 66%

Congressional Elections 11 o Candidates for Congressional Elections o Congressional Campaigns and Elections o Direct primary o Party identifiers o Presidential Effects 11 o The Power of Incumbency Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Congressional Apportionment 1 of 3 12 o Apportionment o Reapportionment o Redistricting o Justiciable question 12 o Gerrymandering o Redistricting after the 2010 Census Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Original Gerrymander Source: Bettmann/CORBIS 13 13 13 The practice of “gerrymandering”—the excessive manipulation of the shape of a legislative district to benefit a certain incumbent or party—is probably as old as the Republic, but the name originated in 1812. In that year, the Massachusetts 13 legislature carved out of Essex County a district that historian John Fiske said has a “dragonlike contour. ” When the painter Gilbert Stuart saw the misshapen district, he penciled in a head, wings, and claws and exclaimed, “That will do for a salamander!” Editor Benjamin Russell replied, “Better say a Gerrymander” (after Elbridge Gerry, then-governor of Massachusetts). Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

16 16 16 The Fourth Congressional District of Illinois 16 The 4 th district is outlined here in blue. It stretches from the near north side of Chicago out to the western suburbs and then turns east through the south side of Chicago. Why is the district drawn this way? The district includes a majority of Hispanic Americans and meets the criteria for a majority minority district. However, the northern portion of the district contains many Puerto Rican Americans while many Mexican Americans live in the southern portion. The western link between the two is a super highway where no one resides. The question is whether the people in this district have much in common other than Hispanic heritage. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Perks and Privileges 17 o Franking o Permanent Professional Staffs o More than 30, 000 people 17 o Privileges and Immunities under the Law o Congressional Caucuses: Another Source of Support o Party caucuses most important Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Congressional Caucuses 18 Mark Wilson/Getty Images 18 The chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus, Representative G. K. Butterfield, speaks to a group while flanked by other members of the caucus. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Committee Structure 1 of 2 19 19 19 AP Images/J. Scott Applewhite o The Power of Committees o “Little legislatures” 19 o Discharge petition Representative Nydia M. Velazquez (D-NY), the first Puerto Rican woman elected to Congress, praises the achievements of Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina member of the Court. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Committee Structure 2 of 2 20 o Types of Congressional Committees o o o Standing Committees Select Committees Joint Committees 20 Conference Committees The House Rules Committee o The Selection of Committee Members o Seniority system o Safe seat Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The Formal Leadership 21 21 21 House Leadership o o Speaker of the House Majority Leader 21 Minority Leader Whips Senate Leadership o President pro tempore o Majority Leader o Minority Leader o Whips Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How Members of Congress Decide 1 of 2 22 o The Conservative Coalition o Blue Dog Democrats o Polarization and Gridlock o Divided government 22 o “Crossing Over” Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How Members of Congress Decide 2 of 2 23 o Logrolling, Earmarks, and “Pork” o How a Bill Becomes Law o Money bills must be introduced in House 23 o Similar steps in each chamber Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

How Much Will the Government Spend? 2 of 2 26 o Congress Faces the Budget o The first budget resolution o Authorization and appropriations o Budget Resolutions 26 o Second budget and continuing resolution Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Leadership of Congress 28 Pool/Getty Images 28 President Obama hosts the Democratic and Republican leadership of Congress at the White House. At such an event, the president can try to persuade the leaders to adopt his proposals. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.