CHAPTER 10 Validating Your Research Using Shepards and
- Slides: 20
CHAPTER 10 Validating Your Research: Using Shepard’s and Other Citators
The Bluebook Rule 1. 2 – Signals Showing Support n No signal: Indicates the cited authority n E. g. : Cited material states the proposition presented in the sentence; other materials also states the same proposition, but a cite is not helpful or necessary
The Bluebook Rule 1. 2 – Signals Showing Support n See: Used instead of “no signal” when proposition stated is not exactly stated by the authority cited but clearly follows it n See also: Cited authority is additional support for the proposition presented
The Bluebook Rule 1. 2 – Signals Showing Support n Cf. : Indicates that the cited authority provides material similar to the proposition n Compare: Shows that comparison of the authorities provides support of the proposition presented
The Bluebook Rule 1. 2 – Signals Showing Contradiction n Contra: Cited authority is contrary to the proposition n But see: Cited authority supports a position contrary to the proposition
The Bluebook Rule 1. 2 – Signals Showing Background Material n See generally: Cited authority offers background material related to the proposition
Shepard’s Citations n Information provided for case citations: Parallel cites n Cites to same case if subject of published opinions of other courts n Cites to all cases discussing your case n Description of how other cases have considered your case citation n Cites to certain secondary sources discussing your citation n
Shepard’s Citations n Information provided for statute citations: Whether statute has been amended or repealed n Cites to case law discussing statute n Description of how case law has considered the statute n Cites to certain secondary sources discussing the statute n
Shepard’s Citators in Print n Shepard’s United States Citations n n Shepardizes U. S. Supreme Court cases Shepard’s Federal Citations n Shepardizes federal district court and appellate court decisions Federal Supplement n Federal Reporters n
Shepard’s Citators in Print (continued) n Citators for each of the regional reporters n Citators for state case reporters
Shepard’s Citations Information Provided About Cases n n n Whether a cases has been overruled by a subsequent case Whether a cases has been criticized by a subsequent case Whether a cases has been approved by a subsequent case Whether a cases has been questioned by a subsequent case Whether a cases has been cited in dissent of a subsequent case
Shepard’s Citations Abbreviations Shepard’s relies very heavily on abbreviations See Figure 10 -4 on page 261 and Figure 10 -5 on page 262 for case history and case treatment abbreviations
Shepard’s Citators Updates to Main Volumes n n Cumulative Supplement (Red paperback) Annual and Semi-annual Supplement (Gold paperback) Advance Sheets (White pamphlets) A daily update service is available via fax, the Internet or by telephone
Shepard’s Citations Online Available Through LEXIS n n n Information is current so updates are unnecessary Citing information can be displayed selectively Negative information is highlighted at the beginning Normal terminology is used rather than abbreviations Hyperlinks to authorities are provided
Shepard’s Statutory Citators Coverage n n n Constitutions Statutes Codes Administrative Regulations Administrative Rules
Shepard’s Statutory Citators n n n Provides information closely resembling case citations See Figure 10 -9 on page 268 of the text for an extensive list of the abbreviations used Available in print and on-line
Key. Cite n n On-line citator available through Westlaw Provides similar information as Shepard’s but includes “depth of treatment stars” n The amount of stars indicates whether the case was merely mentioned or analysed in depth
Other Electronic Citators Auto-Cite n n n Found on LEXIS Provides parallel cites Provides history Provides negative treatment DOES NOT list all cited authority
Other Electronic Citators Lexcite n n n Found on LEXIS Searches LEXIS database for all case citations DOES NOT provide comment or evaluation
Cite Checking Always Verify n n n n Citation format Citation accuracy Validity of authorities Accuracy of authorities Use of most up-to-date cases and authorities Citation of quotations Accuracy of quotations
- Subtitle integration
- Give us your hungry your tired your poor
- Explain ideal self
- Using system.collections.generic
- Unit 25 special refrigeration system components
- Applied research means
- Contrast applied research and basic research
- 40 days baby in womb
- Examples of applied research
- Exploratory vs conclusive research
- What is inquiry in practical research
- Rephrasing the research problem
- Your conscious awareness of your own name and self identity
- I hope the days come easy
- Rules of an acrostic poem
- Descriptive paragraph examples
- What is a imaginative story
- Using your own words
- Superlative de tasty
- How to describe my mom
- In your notebook answer the questions using used to