CHAPTER 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies Main ideas for

CHAPTER 10 Sectional Conflict Intensifies

Main ideas for this chapter: � � The question of whether to admit new states to the Union led to new tensions between the North and South over slavery Resentment over the Compromise of 1850 led to a further increase in sectional tensions The slavery controversy accelerated both the breakdown of the major political parties and the growth of hostility between the North and South Many events pushed the nation into Civil War

The Impact of War with Mexico Acquired a lot of new land out west and down south � Problem raised : would new territory allow slavery? �

Wilmot Proviso RESULT: SOUTHERNERS WERE OUTRAGED � Northern Democrat, David Wilmot said that any new territory acquired from Mexico would not be allowed to have slaves

Popular Sovereignty Senator Lewis Cass proposed the idea of popular sovereignty that meant that the citizens of each new territory would decide whether slavery would be permitted or not Effects: - Removed the issue of slavery from national politics - Democratic ( people had more of a say) - Abolitionists argued that it denied African Americans their right not to be enslaved �

Election of 1848 � Split in political parties Conscience Whigs: opposed slavery � Cotton Whigs: pro-slavery Conscience Whigs left Whig Party and joined antislavery Democrats from New York and the abolitionist Liberty Party to form the Free-Soil Party

Election of 1848 � 3 - - candidates Democrat candidate: Lewis Cass ( popular sovereignty- new states could vote if they wanted slavery or not) Free Soil candidate : Martin van Buren – backed Wilmot Proviso – strong stand against slavery Whig candidate: Zachary Taylor – avoided the issue of slavery ( but many believed he supported it) Who do you think won? Why? ?

Lewis Cass Democrat Martin van Buren Free Soil

Election of 1848 � Zachary Taylor won

The Search of Compromise � � Discovery of gold in California brought over 80, 000 new settlers in 1849 – “Forty-Niners” California needed a strong government to maintain order because of increase of population CA had to apply for statehood Issue : slave state or free state?

The Compromise of 1850 � - - Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky created Compromise of 1850 to try to resolve issue CA admitted to the Union as a free state The rest of the Mexican Cession would have no restrictions on slavery TX /New Mexico border was solved which gave more land to New Mexico, but federal government took on TX debt � � � Slave trade was abolished in Washington D. C. , but not slavery Congress could not interfere with the domestic slave trade The federal government passed a new fugitive slave law to help southerners capture escaped slaves

Compromise of 1850 � 1. 2. Although the compromise attempted to please both the North and the South, there was still great debate Senator Calhoun defended South Senator Daniel Webster defended North Eventually the Compromise of 1850 was compromised on even more within Congress and passed, but did not contain any permanent solution to the issue of slavery

2/25 Starter: Review Questions 10. 1 � � How did the Wilmot Proviso treaty differ from popular sovereignty? Why did the Free Soil Party emerge? Why did southern senators oppose California being a free state? How did Henry Clay get his nickname “The Great Compromiser”?

� � Wilmot Proviso treaty wanted to limit slavery in the new western territories all together, the idea of popular sovereignty suggested the people in the territories vote. The Free Soil Party emerged because the Whig Party split with those that supported slavery and opposed it – those that opposed it (former Conscience Whigs) along with antislavery Democrats formed Free Soil Party whose platform vehemently opposed slavery in the new territories Each state has 2 Senate representatives, if California is a free state – it would add 2 more antislavery members to the Senate Clay helped to resolve the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the nullification crisis of 1833, and began writing the Great Compromise of 1850

Section 2: Mounting Violence � Resentment over the Compromise of 1850 led to a further increase in sectional tensions

Uncle Tom’s Cabin � � Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin about enslaved African Americans and his overseer Depicts slavery, but also depicts African Americans in a loving and generous light. It changed Northern outlook on African Americans and slavery S. tried to have the novel banned ( said it wasn’t all true / exaggerated) Historians say this controversial book was one of causes of the Civil War

The Fugitive Slave Act � � � African Americans accused of being a runaway were arrested and brought to a federal commissioner Any testimony by a white witness saying the African American was a slave would send the slave back south No trial, could no testify If you didn’t help capture a fugitive , you were arrested Greatly angered North, caused people who were indifferent about slavery to want to end it now because of the fugitive slave laws

12 Years a Slave � Solomon Northup was an American abolitionist and the primary author of the memoir Twelve Years a Slave. A freeborn African American from New York, he was the son of a freed slave and free woman of color. A farmer and professional violinist, Northup had been a landowner in Hebron, New York. In 1841, he was offered a traveling musician's job and went to Washington, D. C. (where slavery was legal); there he was drugged, kidnapped, and sold as a slave.

Underground Railroad � � Secret organization of people who helped slaves escape slavery ( from the South to the North ) Led by Harriet Tubman

Transcontinental Railroad � � New settlers out West wanted route to connect East to West to make travel easier and cheaper Had to purchase land from Mexico to build southern route – Gadsden Purchase North had to organize territory to connect to E. to W. Southern senators agreed to ratify new state if Missouri Compromise ( made Missouri slave state, and Maine a free state to balance Union) was repealed and slavery was allowed in new territory

Kansas-Nebraska Act � � � Northern Senator Stephen Douglas proposed to divide the new region in half (North: Nebraska, South: Kansas ) Repealed Missouri Compromise and allowed slavery in both areas Bill passed in 1854 = North outraged

Bleeding Kansas � � � First battleground between those favoring extension of slavery and those opposing it People rushed in from all over to vote ( illegally) for a pro or anti-slavery legislature in Kansas On May 21, 1856, border ruffians ( armed Missourian) attached Lawrence – wrecked newspaper presses, plundered shops and homes – specifically the home of the elected free-state governor

� In May 1856, abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner ( MA) accused pro-slavery senators of forcing Kansas to become a slave state. He singled out Senator Andrew P. Butler (SC). In retaliation, his cousin accused Sumner of libel ( lying). Then Brooks caned Sumner, leaving him severely injured. This only further divided the South and the North.

Starter: Explain and draw a picture that represents how each of the following fueled the Civil War � A) Fugitive Slave Act � B) Uncle Tom’s Cabin � C) Transcontinental Railroad

Causes of Sectionalism � Answer the questions on your worksheet as you watch this clip that explains the growing sectionalism between the North and the South during the mid 1800 s