Chapter 10 Persuasion and Rhetoric What is persuasion

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Chapter 10 Persuasion and Rhetoric

Chapter 10 Persuasion and Rhetoric

What is persuasion? l The attempt by one person to change how another person

What is persuasion? l The attempt by one person to change how another person thinks, feels, or behaves. l l Persuasive messages are everywhere! (It’s called Commercialism, people!) We use it get what we want…. And sometimes what we need!

Three Types of Persuasive Speeches l Question of Fact l Question of Value l

Three Types of Persuasive Speeches l Question of Fact l Question of Value l Question of Policy

Question of Fact l l l Ask whether or not something is. These questions

Question of Fact l l l Ask whether or not something is. These questions are always answered either "Yes" or "No" and then you must construct body paragraphs to support the facts as you see them. Did O. J. do it? (Yes or No, and then your evidence) Is the wall blue? (Yes or No, and then your evidence)

Question of Value l l Address the relative merit (goodness or badness) of a

Question of Value l l Address the relative merit (goodness or badness) of a thing. Here you are usually asked to choose between things, ideas, beliefs, or actions and explain why you choose in the manner you did. Which is more valuable, Love or Money? (Which and then why) If you could retrieve one thing from your childhood, what would it be and why? (Which and why) Is it better to work for a living or live for your work? (Which and why)

Question of Policy l l Asks the writer to create a plan of action.

Question of Policy l l Asks the writer to create a plan of action. The key word in these topics is usually "should" as in "what should we do. . “, to solve some sort of problem. The answer is a breakdown of the plan and a justification that it fixes the problem. What should be done to combat the drug problem? (Plan and justify) What can be done to slow the rise in teen pregnancy? (Plan and justify) What should a freshman do to succeed as a student? (Plan and justify)

What is Rhetoric? l l A work written by Greek philosopher Aristotle Rhetoric outlined

What is Rhetoric? l l A work written by Greek philosopher Aristotle Rhetoric outlined what was needed to speak effectively and efficiently, especially where persuasion is concerned Focused on the rhetorical context or Situation – the time, place, circumstance, and audience for a speech Also identified three modes of persuasion

Modes of Persuasion l Pathos – exciting emotions by connecting with the listeners’ needs

Modes of Persuasion l Pathos – exciting emotions by connecting with the listeners’ needs l Ethos – establishing the speaker’s credibility (Credentials!) l Logos – Satisfying the listeners’ need for reason using Proof

Pathos l Know your audience! – – – l 4 types of audiences: Positive

Pathos l Know your audience! – – – l 4 types of audiences: Positive Neutral Apathetic Opposed Know your audience has needs! – Maslow’s Needs Heirarchy

Maslow’s Needs Heirarchy Page 179 l l l Self needs Ego needs Social needs

Maslow’s Needs Heirarchy Page 179 l l l Self needs Ego needs Social needs Safety needs Physical needs

Ethos (Establishing Credibility) l l l Appearance Confident Appearance Credentials established or obvious Thoroughly

Ethos (Establishing Credibility) l l l Appearance Confident Appearance Credentials established or obvious Thoroughly prepared Trustworthiness (fairness)

Logos (Reasoning) l l Means ‘to reason’ Persuasion attempts to present an argument or

Logos (Reasoning) l l Means ‘to reason’ Persuasion attempts to present an argument or rational for a position (Good) Persuasion will present both sides of an argument with evidence (proof) leading the audience to one stance more than the other…. Can use several types of reasoning….

Reasoning l l l Inductive – starts with facts or arguments, (evidence) then leads

Reasoning l l l Inductive – starts with facts or arguments, (evidence) then leads to a conclusion Dedictive – starts with an argument or premise (generalization) and ends with the evidence to support the inference. Cause-Effect – used with any audience, cause-effect shows the problem then cause, or vise versa

Inductive Example l Research shows that blood pressure goes down when people pet their

Inductive Example l Research shows that blood pressure goes down when people pet their animals. THEREFORE…. Generalization: Owning a pet can make you a happier, healthier person

Deductive Examples l Generalization: Women’s sports teams should be funded at the same level

Deductive Examples l Generalization: Women’s sports teams should be funded at the same level as men’s teams. THEREFORE…. l Women’s teams generate just as much revenue as men’s teams do.

Cause-Effect Example Cause: l Chicago uses tons of salt on its icy streets and

Cause-Effect Example Cause: l Chicago uses tons of salt on its icy streets and highways in the winter. Effect: -> Cars tend to rust quickly in Chicago.