Chapter 10 Patient Care Dental Copyright 2012 Wolters

Dentists • Early History – Ancient Egypt • Hesi-Re (died in 2600 BC): first

Dentists (cont’d) • The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the 17 th Century –

Dentists (cont’d) • Dentistry in the U. S. – Colonial America: physicians provide dental

Dentists (cont’d) • Education – 4 -year accredited dental school is standard – 58

Dentists (cont’d) • Course Work – Anatomy & physiology – Biochemistry – Microbiology –

Dentists (cont’d) • Licensure – Required by all states – Requires: • Graduation from

Dentists (cont’d) • General Duties – Apply a crown Examine a patient’s teeth, gums,

Dentists (cont’d) • Specialties – Orthodontics – Oral & maxillofacial surgery – Pediatric dentistry

Dentists (cont’d) • Personal Characteristics – Focus – Self-discipline – Manual dexterity – Strong

Dentists (cont’d) • Employment Opportunities and Trends – 16% growth from 2008 to 2018

Dentists (cont’d) • Professional Organization: ADA – >157, 000 members – Advocates for dental

Dental Hygienists • History of the Profession – 1890: publication of Microorganisms of the

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Education – Most programs offer associate’s degree – Some offer

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Course Work – Basic science – Dental hygiene science Copyright

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Licensure – Required in all states – Requires: • Graduation

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Work Responsibilities – Clean teeth – Remove plaque & other

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Personal Characteristics – Detail oriented – Manual dexterity – Efficient

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Employment Opportunities and Trends – Rapid growth: 36% between 2008

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Professional Organization: ADHA – Three-tier structure: national, state, local –

Dental Assistants • History of the Profession – C. Edmund Kells, dentist • Founder

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Education – Some trained on the job; most trained in

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Course Work – Dental materials Oral & written communication –

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Regulation, Licensure, and Certification – States regulate duties – Licensure

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Work Responsibilities – Open office & daily routine – Prepare

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Personal Characteristics – Reliable – Comfortable working under supervision –

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Employment Opportunities and Trends – >295, 000 jobs in 2008

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Professional Organization: ADAA – Largest professional organization representing dental assistants

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Dentists • Early History – Ancient Egypt • Hesi-Re (died in 2600 BC): first dentist known to historians – Ancient Romans • Promoted oral hygiene • Used tooth-cleaning powders & toothpicks – Ancient India & Islamic countries • Physicians or surgeons performed dentistry Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the 17 th Century – Medieval Europe • Monks provided dental care • Barbers were surgical assistants • Catholic Church forbade monks to practice medical/dental care • Barbers became dental care providers • Barber-surgeons extracted teeth – Renaissance: renewed study of human anatomy, including dental Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Dentistry in the U. S. – Colonial America: physicians provide dental care • Tooth-drawers, surgeon-dentists, barbers, & blacksmiths extracted teeth • Advertisements of services in newspapers (Paul Revere) – 1840: first dental college established, in Baltimore – 1859: American Dental Association formed – By 1880: 28 dental schools established – 1928: creation of national exam Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Education – 4 -year accredited dental school is standard – 58 accredited programs in U. S. – Requirements for entering dental school: • At least 2 years of college education (most have bachelor’s) • Passing the Dental Admission Test (DAT) – Diagnosing & treating tooth & gum disease in first 2 years – Treatment of patients under supervision in last 2 years – Schools award DDS or DMD degree Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Course Work – Anatomy & physiology – Biochemistry – Microbiology – Laboratory techniques – Pharmacology – Histology Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Licensure – Required by all states – Requires: • Graduation from accredited dental school • Passing of written & practical exam Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • General Duties – Apply a crown Examine a patient’s teeth, gums, & mouth – Perform a root canal – Extract a tooth – Interpret an x-ray – Apply braces – Formulate a plan of treatment – Insert a dental implant – Administer an anesthetic – Fill a cavity – Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Specialties – Orthodontics – Oral & maxillofacial surgery – Pediatric dentistry – Periodontics – Prosthodontics – Endodontics – Dental public health – Oral & maxillofacial pathology – Oral & maxillofacial radiology Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Personal Characteristics – Focus – Self-discipline – Manual dexterity – Strong work ethic – Communication skills – Good problem-solving skills – Genial personality – Attention to detail – Positive attitude – Patience – Thoroughness Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Employment Opportunities and Trends – 16% growth from 2008 to 2018 – In demand due to: • Population growth • Preventive care for younger people • Increasing dental coverage among private insurance companies • Rising popularity of cosmetic dental services Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dentists (cont’d) • Professional Organization: ADA – >157, 000 members – Advocates for dental profession & oral health – Monitors policy issues in Congress, state legislatures, regulatory agencies, & foreign governments – Establishes standards for & accredits dental education programs – Issues Dental Admission Test and National Board Dental Examinations – Develops standards for dental products & testing them – Conducts scientific research Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Hygienists • History of the Profession – 1890: publication of Microorganisms of the Human Mouth by Willoughby D. Miller – 1896: Alfred C. Fones integrated oral hygiene into practice – 1913: Fones opened first oral hygiene school – 1916: first university program started at Columbia University – 1923: formation of American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) – 1951: all states required licensure – 1952: accreditation of schools begun – 1962: first national board exam administered Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Education – Most programs offer associate’s degree – Some offer certificate, bachelor’s degree, or master’s degree – Entrance requirements: HS diploma or equivalent – Academic classes & supervised clinical instruction Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Licensure – Required in all states – Requires: • Graduation from accredited program • Passing written exam & clinical board exam – Renewal required periodically (continuing education) Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Work Responsibilities – Clean teeth – Remove plaque & other materials from teeth & below gum line – Polish teeth – Examine mouth for tooth decay & gum disease – Take x-rays – Apply fluoride treatments, sealants, & other materials – Make casts of patients’ teeth Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Personal Characteristics – Detail oriented – Manual dexterity – Efficient – Well-organized – Good people skills – Patient – Flexible Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Employment Opportunities and Trends – Rapid growth: 36% between 2008 & 2018 – Ranks first among all occupations requiring associate’s degree – Job growth due to: • Increase demand for dental services due to expanding population • Aging population • Growing focus on preventive care Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) • Professional Organization: ADHA – Three-tier structure: national, state, local – Monitors legislation & federal activities – Represents profession before Congress – Advocates on issues of scope of practice, education, & licensing – Promotes dental hygiene education & research through fellowships & grants – Offers continuing education programs, networking, employment assistance program Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants • History of the Profession – C. Edmund Kells, dentist • Founder of dental assisting • Hired female assistant in 1885, starting a trend – Milestones in the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA) • 1921: Juliette Southard started ADAA • 1930: educational guidelines & training developed • 1944: standards & a competency exam developed • 1946: first 140 -hour training course adopted • 1948: certifying board established (DANB) Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Education – Some trained on the job; most trained in programs – Programs: • At community/junior colleges, trade schools, technical institutes, & the military • Most last 1 year & award certificate or diploma • Some last 2 years & award associate’s degree • Require HS diploma • Include clinical practice with a dentist Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Course Work – Dental materials Oral & written communication – Chairside assisting – Dental radiology – Oral health education – Psychology – Anatomy and physiology – Practice management – Microbiology – Oral pathology – Nutrition – Pharmacology – Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Regulation, Licensure, and Certification – States regulate duties – Licensure or registration for expanded functions in some states – Licensure requires completing accredited program, passing exam – Continuing education required for renewal of license – Two certification credentials offered by DANB: • Certified Dental Association (CDA) • Certified Orthodontic Association (COA) – Two specialty areas: radiation health & safety and infection control Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Work Responsibilities – Open office & daily routine – Prepare dental treatment room – Set up instrument trays – Seat patient – Take & develop x-rays – Hand instruments to dentist – Instruct patients in oral hygiene – Clean & polish removable appliances – Complete health history records – Prepare bank deposits Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Personal Characteristics – Reliable – Comfortable working under supervision – Work well with others – Good communication skills – Manual dexterity Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Employment Opportunities and Trends – >295, 000 jobs in 2008 – 36% growth between 2008 & 2018 – More than one-third work part-time Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Dental Assistants (cont’d) • Professional Organization: ADAA – Largest professional organization representing dental assistants – DANB: certifying board of ADAA – Credentials recognized or required in 37 states – Provides home-study continuing education classes Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins