Chapter 10 Organized and Corporate Crime had I

Learning Objectives n n n Describe the nature and significance of organized crime. Discuss

Introduction n Economic crimes of the powerful and/or influential Evolution of the concept of

Definitions n n NOT in Canadian Criminal Code but under section 462. 3 “enterprise

International Definitions n United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime http: //www. unodc. org/unodc/en/crime_cicp_signatures_convention.

Crime Groups in Canada Aboriginal crime groups: n Kahnawake & St. Regis – smuggling

Other Types Drug Cartels n n Columbia, Nigeria, Japanese, Russian… Threats to democracy and

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs n n Rebellion or ritualism or retreatism? The Hell’s Angels and

Explaining organized crime n Definitional challenge n n n “Che” Guevara & Crusaders of

Corporate Crime n n n Crimes against public order by ‘big business’ Legitimised because

Types MONEY!!! n Investor fraud, embezzlement n Price fixing n Tax evasion & competition

Explaining Corporate Crime n n Sutherland: “White collar crime” Pervasive in society learned, status,

SUMMARY n Different characteristics but similar modus operandi n n n Pervasive! + Economic

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Chapter 10 Organized and Corporate Crime “…had I a hundred tongues, a hundred mouths, a voice of iron and a chest of brass, I could not tell all the forms of crime…” Virgil (70 -19 B. C. ) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 10 - 1

Learning Objectives n n n Describe the nature and significance of organized crime. Discuss the various types of organized crime groups in Canada. Assess the extent of corporate crime and the difficulty in regulating it. Discuss the causes of corporate crime. Evaluate the ways in which corporate crime and organized crime can be controlled. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 2

Introduction n Economic crimes of the powerful and/or influential Evolution of the concept of ‘greed’ What activities? n Trafficking drugs, weapons, cigarettes n Trafficking migrants n Prostitution & pornography n Fraud, counterfeiting n Robbery n Bribery, extortion Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3

Definitions n n NOT in Canadian Criminal Code but under section 462. 3 “enterprise crime offence” BUT defined by police as Two or more persons n Consorting together on perpetuating basis n Participate in illegal activities n Directly or indirectly for economic gain n n Abadinsky: Org Crime Control Act p. 287 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4

International Definitions n United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime http: //www. unodc. org/unodc/en/crime_cicp_signatures_convention. html http: //www. unodc. org/pdf/crime/final_instruments/383 e. pdf n n n Canada a signatory Definitions p. 25 – Crimes articles 5, 6, 8 Confiscation, third parties, extradition, protection of witnesses, int’l cooperation Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 5

Profile of Organised Crime n n n Non-ideological (generally) Hierarchical or blood ties Limited or exclusive membership Specialization or division of labour Monopolistic Rules and regulations Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 6

Crime Groups in Canada Aboriginal crime groups: n Kahnawake & St. Regis – smuggling cigarettes, alcohol and illegal gambling operations n “manufactured organized crime”? n Power of the ‘black market’ n Prevention through social development Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 7

Other Types Drug Cartels n n Columbia, Nigeria, Japanese, Russian… Threats to democracy and national security Corruption – a cog in a corrupt government Transcend borders… ‘tour de force’ Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Ethnic Groups n n An assimilation problem? Influence of past social and political environment The power of violence (Vietnamese) International recognition (e. g. , Netherlands) 8

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs n n Rebellion or ritualism or retreatism? The Hell’s Angels and Harley’s A subculture of capitalist system Evolved in level of sophistication Chain of command n Use of violence and bribery n Defined rules and regulations n Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 9

Explaining organized crime n Definitional challenge n n n “Che” Guevara & Crusaders of 1100 -1300 s Ethnic groups - an assimilation problem? Social & political environment influence? Strain, blocked opportunity, and anomie Government “control/laws”? Challenge to counter Police resources n Regulate? n Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 10

Corporate Crime n n n Crimes against public order by ‘big business’ Legitimised because of “high-status” members The ‘good’ / ‘bad’ corporate citizen Pervasive in society Challenge to counter – why? Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 11

Types MONEY!!! n Investor fraud, embezzlement n Price fixing n Tax evasion & competition law violations n Against economy, humanity & employees n Computer crimes – data encryption, hacking, identity thefts, data manipulation Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 12

Explaining Corporate Crime n n Sutherland: “White collar crime” Pervasive in society learned, status, accepted, helplessness n highly profitable, relatively risk free n n Challenge to counter neutralisation, shaming, police resources n laws & sentences n regulate? n n NO single theory or strategy sufficient Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 13

SUMMARY n Different characteristics but similar modus operandi n n n Pervasive! + Economic impact!! Providing an ‘illicit market’ Definitional challenge Intervention efforts minimal Role of an interdisciplinary and integrated approach Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 14