Chapter 10 Notes Where did Agriculture originate Notebooks

In your book answer? How does geography influence the agricultural landscape of a region?

How does geography affect the growth of civilizations? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Origins of agriculture – Agriculture = deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and/or rearing of animals – Cultivate = “to care for” – Crop = any plant cultivated by people © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

How does this depict Subsistence Farming? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Origins of agriculture – Hunter-gatherers • Perhaps 250, 000 remaining today – Invention of agriculture • When it began = unclear • Diffused from many hearths © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which regions did Crop Hearths Originate ? Why? Figure 10 -2 © 2011 Pearson

Animal Hearths Figure 10 -3 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

How did the introduction of Dogs assist hunter gatherers? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

How did the domestication of animals assist in the rise of villages? © 2011

Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Commercial and subsistence agriculture – Subsistence = produced mainly for the farm family’s survival • Most common in LDCs – Commercial = produced mainly for sale off the farm • Most common in MDCs © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Importance of Agriculture – All humans depend on agriculture for food – Urban-industrial societies depend on the base of food surplus generated by farmers and herders – Without agriculture there could be no cities, universities, factories, or offices – Today agriculture remains the most important economic activity in the world – Agriculture employs 45 percent of the working population – In some parts of Asia and Africa, over 80 percent of the labor force is engaged in agriculture © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

How does Climate affect Agriculture? Figure 10 -4 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Commercial and subsistence agriculture – Five characteristics distinguish commercial from subsistence agriculture • • • Purpose of farming: Why do people farm? Percentage of farmers in the labor force Use of machinery : Types of machinery Farm size: Relationship of farming to other businesses Examples : © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Agricultural Revolutions • Agriculture has passed through a series of revolutionary changes – Not everywhere at the same time – Some places still largely unaffected – Transition from predominantly subsistence activity to predominantly capital-intensive, market-oriented commercial agriculture • Three distinct revolutions © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Agriculture • How does agriculture influence society? • Notes: First Agricultural Revolution • Film Clip Early River Valleys : Agriculture Rise of Civilizations • Second Agricultural Revolution • Pair Activity: 1826 Von Thunen’s Model Free Response Practice © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

First Agricultural Revolution Neolithic Revolution • ~12, 000 year ago • Replaced hunting and gathering • Involved plant and animal domestication • Emergence of seed agriculture (wheat, rice, millet, ) • Use of the plow • Use of draft ( oxen) animals • Modest population increase and outmigration • Film Clip © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Advantages Disadvantages of the Neolithic Period Crops provide a reliable Food source Population grows Societies become Complex Trade increases Division of labor Specialized workers Crop Failure due to Weather or pests Causes Famine Floods, fire or raiders Could destroy the village Disease spreads easily When people live Together. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Second Agricultural Revolution • Late Middle Ages • Occurred in tandem ( together) with Industrial Revolution • End of feudal landholding system • Enclosure of individually owned fields • Emergence of urban industrial markets • Modification of subsistence farming practices • Crop rotation Three Field System • Use of natural and semi-processed fertilizers • New tools and equipment Plough, Large rake to turn soil to seed, pruning knives • Dramatic increase in crop and livestock yields © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Importance of Access to Markets • Transportation technology linking farm and urban commercial food market Von Thunen An estate owner in Northern Germany, • Commercial farmer considers which crops to cultivate • Which animals to raise based on market location. • Farmer compares two costs : cost of land versus cost of transportation. • Specific crops grown in different rings around the city • Market orientated and milk producers located in first ring outside the city. Why are these products closest? • Expensive to deliver, reach city quickly perishable • 2 nd ring : Wood lots, timber, closeness is important because of its weight : fuel, construction • Third ring Various rotated crops and for pasture( meadowland) • Outermost ring used for grazing of animals © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Things to consider about Von. Thunen’s Model the soil and climate are consistent throughout the land The land is flat and has not mountains Transportation assumed to be a straight line to the market City is located centrally within an isolated stated : self sufficient no external influences and no interaction with the outside © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Von Thunen’s Model Free Response Practice © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Practice Complete the Free Response with the person next to you • While a formal essay is NOT necessary it is NOT enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. Illustrate your answers with substantive geographic examples where appropriate, be sure to number each of your answers including Individual parts • Sentence Starter for A • A. The underlying principles of Von Thunen’s model include the factor • B • C © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assignments Please : TAKE OUT YOUR NOTEBOOKS • • • Von Thunen; s Free Response= Total 3 points Complete B C today 3/20 Chapter 10 vocabulary terms on page 340 in your vocabulary book/ paper Give examples/ apply areas, countries, where applicable in 1 -2 sentences Conflict Research Paper Due date 3/31 Library Date Wednesday 3/26 Team work on project/power point half band 3/27 3/31 Using your research paper Three Response Questions based on YOUR Specific Area Peer Critique due You are only responsible for your chosen topics and resolution. 4/1 and 4/2 your presentations depicting your conflict area 8 - 10 slides per group Indicate region, area, maps, your topics ( economic, social, religious, political) If you choose to remit your paper by 3/19 Research paper will be graded and added to 4 th marking period 4/3 Chapter 11: Define the terms AND give examples of the terms on page 369 Page 370 Question 4 Print a map Draw a large triangle on a map of Russia with one point near Moscow one point in the Ural Mountains and one point in Central Asia. Label/ Indicate the principal asset of the three regions at each side of the triangle. How do the distributions of markets, resources and surplus labor vary within Russia? 1 -1/2 page paper double spaced. ** Discuss Resources, Surplus and labor *** PLEASE NOTE GRADES ARE CUMULATIVE 6 th marking period indicated on your official transcript © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are most Agricultural Workers located? Figure 10 -5 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

How do Humans adapt to their environment ? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Third Agricultural Revolution • Origins in North America • Industrialization of agriculture – Mechanization • Replacement of human labor with machines – Chemical farming • Use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides – Food manufacturing • Addition of economic value through processing, canning, refining, packaging • Green Revolution higher yield seeds , fertilizers – Plant breeding • Biotechnology – Genetic manipulation GMO ( genetically modified organism © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Strategies to increase food supply – Expanding agricultural land • Desertification: Desert is expanding – Increasing productivity • The green revolution – Identifying new food sources • Cultivating oceans, developing higher-protein cereals, and improving tastiness, sweetness of foods Ex soybean – Increasing trade © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Shifting cultivation – Most prevalent in low-latitude, A-type/ dry climates – Two features: • Land is cleared by slashing and burning debris – Slash-and-burn agriculture • Land is tended for only a few years at a time – Types of crops grown vary regionally – Traditionally, land is not owned individually © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Shifting Cultivation ¼ of the world’s land area Slashing and burning the vegetation ©

Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Plantation farming – Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia – Products are grown in LDCs but typically are sold to MDCs/ fruits, vegetables – Plantations specialize in one or two cash crops • Important crops = coffee, sugarcane, cotton, rubber, and tobacco – A large labor force is usually needed in sparsely settled regions © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Pastoral nomadism (herding domesticated animals) – Found primarily in arid and semiarid B-type semi arid climates / steppe farming Animals are seldom eaten Ex Llamas in South America • The size of the herd indicates power and prestige – Type of animal depends on the region • For example, camels are favored in North Africa and Southwest Asia – Transhumance practiced by some pastoral nomads/seasonal pastures are fixed ex: Sheep/Yak herding in Mongolia © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Intensive subsistence – Found in areas with high population and agricultural densities • Especially in East, South, and Southeast Asia • To maximize production, little to no land is wasted/ rice paddy's. – Intensive with wet rice dominant © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Von Thunen’s Model Free Response Practice Complete B and C © 2011 Pearson Education,

Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for commercial farmers – Access to markets is important • The von Thünen model (1826) – The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to the market Figure 10 -24 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• A) The underlying principles of Von Thunen’s model include the factor of cost of transportation depending on the distance the agricultural activity is located from the market center. • In Figure X truck farming is shown with specialty crops such as fruit are being sold, . This activity in Figure X would most likely be located and surround the larger urban area. This would be necessary to be close to market due to it being a perishable item. • In figure Y commercial farming of grain crops are shown in a wide open area. This activity would most likely be located further away in comparison to the activity shown in X which would be closer to an urban area and Y in a rural open area • © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

B. Activity X would be located close to a city because of several reasons related to the model. One reason is that the produce grown spoils quickly and is easily damaged so ti must be located nearby to market and customers. Also it is cheaper to transport the food when the farming is located close by, Also specialty crops are intensively cultivated. are not usually extensively grown so not as much land needs to be bought and cultivated. Therefore it is cheaper to locate nearby urban centers** Specialty crops are defined as fruits and vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• C)one factor of agriculture land use patterns that is different today is that we have more access to transportation networks, such as railroads, large trucks, and planes that makes it easier and less expensive to send produce to many different locations. Refrigeration and better packing technologies make it possible to send produce to further distances. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

What type of Agriculture is produced MDC’s? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Mixed crop and livestock farming – Most land = devoted to crops – Most profits = derive from the livestock • Dairy farming – Regional distribution: the milkshed – Two primary challenges • Labor-intensive • Expense of winter feed © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Mixed crop and livestock farming – Most land = devoted to crops – Most profits = derive from the livestock • Dairy farming – Regional distribution: the milkshed ring proximity close to the surrounding city so milk does not spoil – Two primary challenges • Labor-intensive • Expense of winter feed © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Grain farming – The largest commercial producer of grain = the United States • Livestock ranching – Practiced in marginal environments Argentina, Australia, Western US, Spain and Portugal – Meat Processing industry United States • Mediterranean agriculture – Based on horticulture ( gardening, cultivation ) • Commercial gardening and fruit farming – Truck farms © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Jungle A View of Industrial America Industrial Revolution of the 1800’s had a dramatic effect on economic and social life around the globe, The economies shifted from agriculture to manufacturing from rural areas to cities © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Food Incorporated • As you view the film bullet point the gist • ( main ideas) • Paper due 4/7 Food Incorporated : At least a one page essay ( single spaced) What should an individual/ or government or collective action be taken to improve our food system? • Choose a topic to discuss, slaughtering of animals, fast food demand, deaths from contaminated food, misleading labels, GMO patents, • USE YOUR AP HUMAN GEO TERMS © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Area of Farmland Per Tractor Figure 10 -6 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rice Production Figure 10 -12 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Corn (Maize) Production Figure 10 -15 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Milk Production Figure 10 -17 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Grain farming – The largest commercial producer of grain = the United States • Livestock ranching – Practiced in marginal environments • Mediterranean agriculture – Based on horticulture • Commercial gardening and fruit farming – Truck farms © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Wheat Production Figure 10 -19 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Meat Production Figure 10 -21 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for commercial farmers – Access to markets is important • The von Thünen model (1826) – The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to the market Figure 10 -24 © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for commercial farmers – Overproduction • Agricultural efficiencies have resulted in overproduction • Demand has remained relatively constant – As a consequence, incomes for farmers are low – Sustainable agriculture • Sensitive land management • Integrated crop and livestock © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.