Chapter 10 Muslim Civilization Focus Who was Muhammad

Chapter 10 - Muslim Civilization Focus: Who was Muhammad and how did his teachings lead to the rise of Islam?

Chapter 10 - Muslim Civilization n 10. 1 - The Rise of Islam n 10. 2 - Building a Muslim Empire n 10. 3 - Muslim Civilization Golden Age n 10. 4 - India’s Muslim Empires n 10. 5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Focus: What messages, or teachings, did Muhammad spread through Islam?

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Followers of Islam are called Muslim* n Their holy text is the Quran* n Chief Prophet: Muhammad*

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Islam begins: Muhammad was born in the oasis town of Mecca. ¡ Mecca: n Was a bustling market* n Pilgrimage center* n No weapons in the city* n Was home to many pagan gods* (statues)

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Muhammad: (570 AD) ¡ led a modest life early on: ¡ He was an honest business man* ¡ Married at 25 (Khadija)* ¡ Devoted father and husband* ¡ Was troubled by the moral ills of society*

10. 1 - Rise of Islam According to Islamic belief, when Muhammad was 40 years old he heard the voice of an angel (Gabriel). Muhammad was uneasy, but became the messenger of god. *

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Muhammad's Teachings: ¡ Weren’t widely accepted at first ¡ As they gained strength, angered Mecca’s merchants n Neglect of idols would disrupt trade

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Muhammad’s Journey (Hijra): ¡ Muhammad left Mecca and entered the city of Medina. * n n Acceptance grows Thousands of Arabs adopt Islam ¡ With his followers he returned to Mecca to free the Kaaba, the temple he believed should be dedicated to one true God, of idols. * ¡ Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah (God), making it the most holy place of Islam. *

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n The Quran: ¡ ¡ ¡ Sacred text of Islam* States people are responsible for their actions Muslims believe that God (Allah) has sent other prophets: Jesus, Abraham, Moses… but Muhammad is the last and greatest of all.

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Duties (expectations) of Islam: ¡ Islamic people follow The Five Pillars of Islam n Lay out the expectations of Muslims*

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Pillar One: Shahada ¡ Declaration of faith* n “There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. ”

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Pillar Two: Salah ¡ Daily Prayer* n n Pray 5 times a day Wash Face Mecca Some pray in Mosques house of worship* ¡ But not required

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Pillar Three: Zakat ¡ Alms for the Poor* n Give charity

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Pillar Four: Ramadan ¡ Fasting* n n n Don’t eat from sun up to sun down Applies to other parts of life too, not just eating For the month of Ramadan (varies by year)

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Pillar Five: ¡ Making a Pilgrimage (Hajj)* n n n Must make the journey at least once Pray at the Kaaba Over 2 million people a year

10. 1 - Rise of Islam n Jihad- struggle in God’s service* n To Muslims Islam is both a religion and a way of life n Their laws are based on the teaching of Islam- Sharia* n Islam and the Quran extended rights of women* - *however they must dress modestly - Varies by location

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire n Focus: How did Muhammad’s successors extend Muslim rule and spread Islam?

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire n Muhammed dies in 632 he named no successor: * ¡ Islam needed another strong leader n Abu Bakr - becomes the first: caliph – successor* n Reunites the Muslims n Leads military campaigns to unite other Arabs in Islam

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire n n The Muslim Empire rapidly spread Conquering area including: ¡ Damascus ¡ Jerusalem ¡ The Persian Empire ¡ Byzantine Egypt

Create a Venn Diagram Sunni Muslims Shiite Muslims Common characteristics

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Death of Muhammad : created a split (schism) in the Empire: n Sunni versus Shiite Muslims n disagreed over who should be caliph (successor) n SUNNI- majority of Muslims; believed successors should be dedicated males* n SHIITE- believed the caliph must be a direct descendent of Muhammad*

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire n n Sufis - Muslim Mystic* (a person who seeks wisdom and spiritual truth) Meditation, fasting, rituals Travel and preach like friars Whirling Dervishes- dance as a form of prayer

n 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire n Muslim Empire grew from 661 - 750 Several Ruling Families (clans) ¡ Umayyad Dynasty- Sunni people n Ruled after the death of Ali (Muhamad’s son-in-law)

Umayyad Dynasty n n United the Muslim tribes Conquered land Allowed people to practice other faiths if they paid a special tax Declined after conflict between rich and poor and Shiite Muslims

Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Abbasid Dynasty n Abbasid – moved capital to Baghdad (750 -1258) Shiite Muslims n Reasons for success: ¡ Weakness of Byzantines and Persians ¡ Aggressive and bold fighting ¡ Strong unity under Islam

Muslim Empire- c. 750 SPAIN- Umayyad MED SEA BAGHDAD- Abbasids AFRICA ARABIA

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire n As the Empire expanded: ¡ ¡ Conquered people were treated fairly Many conquered joined the Islamic faith n n n Non-Muslims taxed Equality The capital was moved to Baghdad (Damascus)* ¡ ¡ “Paradise on Earth” Beautiful city Market, Gardens, Domes Minarets- slender towers*

Baghdad

Baghdad’s House of Wisdom

10. 2 - The Muslim Empire Falls n Starting in 850 the Muslim Empire began to decline ¡ ¡ Independent dynasties – caliph loses power* Invasions*

10. 2 - The Muslim Empire Falls n n n Seljuk Turks migrated to the Middle East (900 s) Seljuk Turk Rulers (Sultan) - controlled Baghdad (1055) Conflicts prevent Christians from traveling to Jerusalem ¡ Cause the Crusades (1095) Christians v. Muslims

10. 2 - The Muslim Empire Falls n Mongols led by Genghis Khan move into Middle East (1216) n Eventually burn and loot Baghdad

10. 2 - The Muslim Empire Falls The culture still flourished in Spain n Until 1492 (Inquisition)

10. 3 - Muslim Golden Age Focus: What achievements did Muslims make in economics, art, literature, and science? n Muslim Golden Age ¡ ¡ n a time of prosperity 750 -850: 100 years During the Muslim Golden Age: n n Economy Advanced Social Structure Advanced Art, Literature, and Architecture Thrive Muslim Knowledge Expanded

Islamic Golden Age In your notebooks, divide a page into 4 sections and label the following: • Art, Literature and architecture pg 319 -320 • Learning, philosophy, history and science pg 320 -321 • Math and medicine pg 322 • Business practices pg 318 (3 rd paragraph from the top)

Muslim rulers unite many diverse cultures Arabs Persians Egyptians Africans Europeans

10. 3 - Economy Advanced n n Merchants were near the top of society (Muhammad was a merchant)* Built a massive trade route – camels, silk roads, ships* ¡ Asia ¡ Africa ¡ Europe

10. 3 - Economy Advanced n Muslim’s pioneered new business practices* n n Partnerships* Credit* Formed banks* Checks*

10. 3 - Social Structure Improves n n Social Mobility – changing of social class* Improve their position through achievements: n n n Religious Scholarly Military

Muslim Empire Included Greeks Romans Persians Indians

Art, Literature, & Architecture n n n Muslim art displayed many different cultures Religious - did not portray humans (Quran - no idols)* Poetry (oral) was used to tell stories

Muslim Architecture n n Mosque and Minarets decorated the skyline Calligraphy decorated buildings (beautiful handwriting)*

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires Focus: How did Muslim rule affect Indian government and society?

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n Muslims move into Indian Empire around 1000 n By the late 1100’s the Sultan (Muslim Ruler)*: ¡ Defeated Hindu armies and claimed Delhi as his capital

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n Successors to the empire would rule what was known as the Delhi sultanate (lands of the sultan) ¡ Marked start of Muslim rule in India (1206 – 1526)

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n Muslim advances lead to a blending of cultures n Persian n Arab n Turks

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n Muslims and Hindus clash over: n Text : Quran vs. Many texts n God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many gods/goddesses n Equality vs. Caste: Many Hindus converted to Islam to due to: -*equality (before God) in Islam

n Text : Quran vs. Many

n God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many

Equality vs. Caste *Equality was appealing to Hindus

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n Eventually Delhi sultanate became tolerant of Hindus n n Even kept local Rajahs - Hindu rulers in place* Accepted Hindus as monotheistic (Brahman)

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n n n Mughal Empire Rises in India * 1526 -1857 Mughal = Persian for Mongol* ¡ Replace Delhi Sultanate

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n By 1707 The Mughal Empire had conquered most of the Indian Subcontinent n Led to the rise of Akbar the Great

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n 1556 Akbar the Great was the chief builder of the Mughal Empire* n n n Created a strong central government Tolerant of Hindus (married one) Promoted Religious harmony

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n The Taj Mahal built in 1643 n n Took 22, 000 workers & 20 years Greatest monument of Mughal Empire

10. 4 India’s Muslim Empires n Akbar’s Grandson Shah Jahan was also influential n While ruling the empire his wife Mumtaz Mahal would die: ¡ ¡ She gave birth to 14 children and was only 39 He loved her dearly so he built a monument (tomb) in her honor…the Taj Mahal

10. 5 – The Ottoman & Safavid Empires Focus: What were the main characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid empires? n The Ottomans ¡ ¡ ¡ Migrated into Asia Minor (Turkey) Turkish-speaking nomads from Central Asia Took over Constantinople in 1453 (Istanbul) n n 1453 becomes Ottoman Capital Used new war tech ¡ the cannon

10. 5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires n Suleyman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566) See pg 330 n Great leader of the Ottoman Empire* n n n Extended Ottoman Empire into Middle East Known as the lawgiver ¡ Laws based on the Sharia, supplemented by royal edicts Held absolute power ¡ Used a vizier, huge bureaucracy, and powerful military

Ottoman Empire: Hungary to Arabia & Mesopotamia, and across North Africa

10. 5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires Ottoman Culture n Organized social classes ¡ Top: “Men of the sword” (soldiers)* ¡ Middle: “Men of the pen” (scientists, lawyers, judges, & poets) ¡ “Men of negotiation” (merchants, artisans) ¡ Lowest: “Men of husbandry” (farmers & herders: produce food)* ¡ Janizaries – elite forces of the Ottoman army* n Usually born to Christian families but converted to Islam

10. 5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires n Decline ¡ ¡ Suleiman the Magnificent dies in 1566 1700 s - European commerce and new war tech are superior Russia & other Europeans take over landholdings North Africa breaks away from Ottoman control

10. 5 – The Safavid Empire n n Ruled in most of Modern day Iran, Lots of Persian influence ¡ Between: n n n Ottomans - West Mughal India - East Shah (king) Abbas the Great ¡ Centralized gov’t ¡ Strengthened n the economy Safavid Empire decline ¡ ¡ Death of Shah Abbas Ottoman armies

10. 5 – Safavid Empire