Chapter 10 Memory Thought Memory The storage and

Chapter 10 Memory & Thought

Memory • The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.

The 3 Processes of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval 1 2 3

3 Processes of Memory Encoding Storage Encoding: The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it. Retrieval

3 Processes of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Storage: The process by which information is maintained over a period of time.

3 Processes of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval: The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.

The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory 1 2 3

Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Sensory memory Very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor. • holds info for a fraction of a second Long-term Memory

Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Short-term memory Memory that is limited in capacity to about 7 items, and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal. • holds info for about 30 seconds Long-term Memory “Magic # 7”

Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term memory The storage of information over extended periods of time. • holds an unlimited amount of info

Sensory Memory • Iconic Memory – Visual sensory memory – Holds visual information for up to a second • Echoic Memory – Auditory sensory memory – Holds auditory information for 1 - 2 seconds

Short-Term Memory • Maintenance rehearsal – A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it. • Chunking – The process of grouping items to them easier to remember. make

Short-Term Memory • Primacy-recency effect – We are better able to recall information presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list. • Working memory – Another name for short-term memory.

Types of Long-Term Memory: Semantic memory Episodic memory Declarative memory Procedural memory

Long-Term Memory • Semantic memory – Knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings. • Episodic memory – Memory of one’s life, including time of occurrence.

Long-Term Memory • Declarative memory – Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed. • Procedural memory – Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.

Review… Memory Task Types of Memory A. Declarative B. Episodic C. Semantic D. Procedural 1. Writing your name 2. Words to the Star Spangled Banner 3. Your friend’s birthday party from last week 4. Tying your shoe 5. What you ate last Thanksgiving 6. Remembering the parts of the limbic system 7. Knowing that the word plane is different from plain, even though they sound the same.

Answers… 1. D 2. A or C 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C

Section 2 Retrieving Information

Recall vs Recognition • Recall – Technique for retrieving memories in which one must reproduce previously presented information. • Recognition – Technique for retrieving memories in which a person reconstructs previously learned material.

State-Dependent Memory • We recall information more easily when we are in the same emotional state as when we originally encoded the information.

Context-Dependent Memory • Refers to improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.

Types of Forgetting DECAY PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE REPRESSION AMNESIA INFANT AMNESIA

DECAY • Long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time.

INTERFERENCE • Blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories. • Proactive interference • Retroactive interference

INTERFERENCE • Proactive interference • When previously stored information prevents the learning and remembering of new information. • Retroactive interference • When newly learned information prevents the retrieval of previously stored material.

REPRESSION • When a person subconsciously blocks memories of embarrassing or frightening experiences.

AMNESIA • Loss of memory that may occur as a result of traumatic brain injury.

INFANT AMNESIA • The relative lack of early declarative memories.

Types of Forgetting… • Can you guess which type of forgetting is being illustrated in each of the following examples?

Question 1: • Since we are learning new information in Chapter 10, you can’t remember the information from Chapter 9 in as much detail.

Question 2: • Someone who went to Disney World when they were 9 years old is having trouble describing the trip to their friends in high school because the trip took place so many years ago.

Question 3: • Last year in class one of your friends told a really embarrassing story about you in front of all of your friends. You were so embarrassed at the time that you tried not to think about it after it happened. • When someone asked you about the incident a week later, you can’t seem to remember any of the details.

Question 4: • You had to change the password on your laptop. After you changed it you kept entering your old password again and again because you couldn’t remember the new one.

Question 5: • John was texting while driving and ran into a telephone poll. He hit his head on the windshield of the car, but he did not appear to be seriously injured. When the ambulance arrived and asked him for his name, he said he couldn’t remember.

Question 1: • Since we are learning new information in Chapter 10, you can’t remember the information from Chapter 9 in as much detail.

Answer: • Retroactive Interference

Question 2: • Someone who went to Disney World when they were 9 years old is having trouble describing the trip to their friends in high school because the trip took place so many years ago.

Answer: • Decay

Question 3: • Last year in class one of your friends told a really embarrassing story about you in front of all of your friends. You were so embarrassed at the time that you tried not to think about it after it happened. • When someone asked you about the incident a week later, you can’t seem to remember any of the details.

Answer: • Repression

Question 4: • You had to change the password on your laptop. After you changed it you kept entering your old password again and again because you couldn’t remember the new one.

Answer: • Proactive Interference

Question 5: • John was texting while driving and ran into a telephone poll. He hit his head on the windshield of the car, but he did not appear to be seriously injured. When the ambulance arrived and asked him for his name, he said he couldn’t remember.

Answer: • Amnesia

Improving Memory • Mnemonics – Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory. • What are some examples of mnemonic devices?