CHAPTER 10 Launching the New Ship of State

CHAPTER 10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789 -1800

DEMOGRAPHICS -Population is Doubling every 25 years -1790 Population is almost 4 Million -90% Rural 10% Urban City POP Philadelphia 42, 000 New York 33, 000 Boston 18, 000 Charleston 16, 000 Baltimore 13, 000

JEAPARDY QUESTION? WHO IS THE ONLY PRESIDENT TO BE UNANIMOUSLY ELECTED BY THE ELOCTORAL COLLEGE?

George Washington! Elected in 1789

FIRST ORDER OF BUSINESS…… The Bill of Rights Many Anti-Federalists agreed to the ratification of the Constitution only because individual rights were promised to be guaranteed by a Bill of Rights. Drafting this document becomes the top priority.

Written by James Madison, the Bill of Rights are the first Ten Amendments to the Constitution. The guarantee the most precious of American beliefs and principles. The are ratified in 1791.

We are missing something…………. Executive: Legislative: George Washington Elected Legislature & Appointed Senators Judicial: ? ? ? ?

Judiciary Act of 1789 organizes the first Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and 5 Associates -Federalist John Jay appointed first Chief Justice

Father of the National Debt Alexander Hamilton With Washington the political leader, and Jay the Judicial leader, Hamilton as Treasury Secretary becomes the economic leader of the new country

Mortal Enemies: Jefferson vs Hamilton

You Mad? JEFFERSON Appointed Secretary of State Argued for strong State governments Said any power not given to the federal government in the constitution was to go to the states Opposed the Bank of the United States HAMILTON Appointed Secretary of Treasury Argued for a strong central government Any power not granted to the federal government in the constitution was implied for the federal government Supported the Bank of the United States

Bank of The United States Hamilton wins (as usual) and the Bank of the United States is born. It is created for the government and run by the government to print $$$, pay debt and funnel taxes.

HAMILTON’S POLICIES • • • Had federal government assume debts of all the states (over $20 Million) This is called assumption. Insisted on paying off all existing debt to other countries, plus interest (over $50 Million) This is called Funding at Par Why would he incur over $75 Million in debt? How would he pay it off?

HAMILTON’S POLICIES CONT’D • To help pay off debt, Hamilton favored tariffs on imported goods – around 8% of their value • Started the Excise Tax, a tax on local goods (most notably, whiskey at $. 07/gallon) • In short, he favored a strong central government. He made the states loyal to the strong central government by assuming their debt, and placed taxes on both imports and internally sold goods.

How did people feel about their whiskey being taxed? Not that great. The Whiskey Rebellion starts in 1794 in Pennsylvania

WWGD? WHAT WILL GEORGE DO? He sends in militia troops (13, 000) to stop the rebellion. Why would this be significant?

GOING BACK TO THESE TWO: The bitter rivalry between Jefferson and Hamilton grew stronger after The Whiskey Rebellion. From their rivalry, the Two Party System is born. Do you think Hamilton’s Strong Central Government ideals eventually become the Republican or Democratic Party?

FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS 1789 What do you think Americans would have thought about the French Revolution? Would they have cared? Would they have supported it? Would they have been against it? Be ready to explain.

Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Democratic. Republicans want to support French citizens, especially once Britain gets involved – They helped us, we should help them. Hamilton and the Federalists believes we should avoid war at all costs

President Washington sides with Hamilton (as usual) President Washington issues the Neutrality Proclamation shortly after Britain and France go to war. He not only proclaims America’s neutrality, but sternly warns American citizens not to be partial to either side. This sets up an isolationist policy in America that stands for over 100 years.

BRITAIN TESTS OUR NEUTRALITY Britain and France wage war off the American Coast in the West Indies. Britain captures American merchant ships, forcing the merchants to join the British military. This is called Impressment. Still, America stays neutral

Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans hate the choice to send the Federalist Jay. Hamilton sabotages Jay’s visit by telling Britain his bargaining strategies before he gets there (Hamilton feared open war with Britain). Jay in the end sings a treaty that guarantees the United States little that it did not already have. Jeffersonian’s are furious.

Washington Bids Farewell Washington steps down in 1796. He has established an isolationist policy that will last until 1898. By the end though, he is extremely disliked by most Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans. The question becomes, who will succeed George Washington?

JOHN ADAMS, WASHINGTON’S VICE PRESIDENT, IS THE FEDERALIST NOMINEE. JEFFERSON IS THE DEMOCRATICREPUBLICAN NOMINEE. ADAMS WINS BY A SLIM MARGIN 71 -68. JEFFERSON BECOMES HIS VICE PRESIDENT Why wouldn’t Hamilton have been the nominee for the Federalists?

Just like the British tested Washington, the French test Adams. Angry with Jay’s Treaty, which they felt was contrary to the Franco-American Treaty of 1778 that led to French involvement in the American Revolution, they begin attacking American merchant ships in the West Indies just as Britain had.

XYZ AFFAIR Adams sends three ambassadors to France, including future Chief Justice John Marshall, to negotiate. They are met by three “go-betweens” who set ludicrous terms and ask for bribes to see Charles Talleyrand. The US ambassadors refuse, and make the bribes public

WITH CONFLICTS IN EUROPE ESCALATING, NEITHER TALLEYRAND OR THE SOON TO BE DICTATOR TO REPLACE HIM WANT OPEN WAR WITH THE US In 1800, Adams is invited back to France to discuss the French/American relationship by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Convention of 1800 was signed, signaling peace between the two countries

AMERICAN SENTIMENT TOWARDS EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS TURNS NEGATIVE Question: Which party, the Federalists or the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans, would be most likely to show bias against immigrants?

Federalists were the wealthier land owners. Immigrants are poor and politically align with Jeffersonians. Federalists pass two laws in response to the issues with France: 1. The Alien Laws allowing the President to deport “dangerous” foreigners in time of peace and to deport or imprison them in wartime. (Rarely ever enforced) 2. Sedition Act provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials (including the president) could be fined or imprisoned.

AND HIS FOLLOWERS ARE ANGRY Which amendment do you think Jefferson felt was being violated by the Alien Laws and Sedition Acts?

CLOSURE Below are two quotes, one from Federalist Leader John Jay, the other from Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson. “Those who own the country should govern it” “Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God” Which quote belongs to which man? How do their quotes give us insight into the mindset and policies of each political party?