Chapter 10 Human Development Across the Life Span

Chapter 10: Human Development Across the Life Span

Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development 3 phases _____ stage = first 2 weeks conception, ______, formation of placenta ______ stage = 2 weeks – 2 months formation of vital ____ and systems _______ stage = 2 months – birth bodily growth continues, _____ capability begins, brain _____multiply age of ____

Figure 10. 1 Overview of fetal development

Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development Maternal _____ Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth complications, ______ problems, and _______ Maternal ____ use Tobacco, alcohol, ____, and recreational drugs ________ syndrome

Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development Maternal _______ Rubella, ____ , mumps, genital herpes, ______, severe influenza Prenatal _______ care Prevention through _____

The Childhood Years: Motor Development Basic Principles ______ trend – head to foot ______trend – center-outward _____ – gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint Developmental ______ – median age Cultural variations

Early Emotional Development: Attachment _________ (1979) The ________ and patterns of attachment Secure Anxious-ambivalent _______

Becoming Unique: Personality Development Stage theories, three components progress through stages in ______ progress through stages related to _____ major _____ in development ______ (1963) _____ stages spanning the lifespan ______ crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality

Figure 10. 5 Stage theories of development

Figure 10. 6 Erikson’s stage theory

The Growth of Thought: Cognitive Development _______ (1920 s-1980 s) _______/ Accommodation 4 stages and major milestones ________ Object permanence ________ Centration, Egocentrism ___________ Decentration, Reversibility, Conservation ___________ Abstraction

Figure 10. 7 Piaget’s stage theory

Figure 10. 8 Piaget’s conservation task

Evaluating Piaget’s Theory Criticisms Piaget _________ children’s abilities Problems with ______ theories Universality Vygotsky’s _______ theory Are some _____ abilities innate?

The Development of Moral Reasoning _____ (1976) Reasoning as opposed to behavior _______ Measured nature and progression of moral reasoning 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels _______ Conventional _______

Figure 10. 10 Kohlberg’s stage theory

Adolescence: Physiological Changes _______ Secondary sex characteristics Primary sex characteristics Menarche Sperm production Maturation: _____ vs. _____ Sex differences in effects of early maturation

Figure 10. 12 Physical development at puberty

Adolescence: Neural Changes Increasing _______ Changes in _____ cortex

The Search for Identity Erik _______ (1968) Key challenge - forming a sense of ______ James _____ (1988) Four identity statuses Identity ____ Identity foreclosure Identity _____ Identity achievement

The Expanse of Adulthood ______ development Career development _____ changes Cognitive changes