Chapter 10 DNA RNA and Protein Synthesis Table

Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA Section 2 DNA Structure Section 3 DNA Replication Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA Objectives • Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation. • Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria. • Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA Griffith’s Experiments • Griffith’s experiments showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another. • The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism is called transformation. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation Chapter menu Resources

Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA Transformation Click below to watch the Visual

Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA Avery’s Experiments • Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary material that transfers information between bacterial cells. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA Hershey-Chase Experiment • Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 1 Discovery of DNA The Hershey-Chase Experiment Chapter menu Resources Copyright

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure Objectives • Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure. • Describe three parts of a nucleotide. • Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA. • Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure DNA Double Helix • Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure DNA Nucleotides • DNA is made of two nucleotide strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure DNA Nucleotides, continued • A DNA nucleotide is made of a 5 -carbon deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure of a Nucleotide Chapter menu Resources Copyright ©

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure DNA Nucleotides, continued • Bonds Hold DNA Together – Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds. – Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure Complementary Bases • Hydrogen bonding between the complementary base pairs, G-C and A-T, holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 2 DNA Structure Complementary Base Pairing Chapter menu Resources Copyright ©

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication Objectives • Summarize the process of DNA replication. • Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA. • Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication. • Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication. • Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication How DNA Replication Occurs • DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication How DNA Replication Occurs, continued • Steps of DNA Replication – Replication begins with the separation of the DNA strands by helicases. – Then, DNA polymerases form new strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication How DNA Replication Occurs, continued • Each new DNA molecule is made of one strand of nucleotides from the original DNA molecule and one new strand. This is called semi-conservative replication. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication Chapter menu

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication DNA Errors in Replication • Changes in DNA are called mutations. • DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 3 DNA Replication DNA Errors in Replication, continued • DNA Replication and Cancer – Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control cell division cause diseases such as cancer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Objectives • Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein. • Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. • Describe the importance of the genetic code. • Compare the role of m. RNA, r. RNA, and t. RNA in translation. • Identify the importance of learning about the human genome. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Flow of Genetic Information • The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as DNA RNA protein. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis RNA Structure and Function • RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine. • RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis RNA Structure and Function, continued • Types of RNA – Cells have three major types of RNA: • messenger RNA (m. RNA) • ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) • transfer RNA (t. RNA) Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis RNA Structure and Function, continued • m. RNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol. • r. RNA is the major component of ribosomes. • t. RNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Transcription • During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Transcription Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt,

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Genetic Code • The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each threenucleotide m. RNA codon. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Translation • Steps of Translation – During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in m. RNA. – As the m. RNA codons move through the ribosome, t. RNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. – The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Translation: Assembling Proteins Chapter menu Resources Copyright ©

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued Chapter menu Resources Copyright

Chapter 10 Section 4 Protein Synthesis The Human Genome • The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the complete genetic content, is now known. • To learn where and when human cells use each of the proteins coded for in the approximately 30, 000 genes in the human genome will take much more analysis. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. For which of the following is DNA responsible? A. directing RNA to make lipids B. directing RNA to produce glucose C. encoding information for making proteins D. encoding information for changing the genetic code Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. For which of the following is DNA responsible? A. directing RNA to make lipids B. directing RNA to produce glucose C. encoding information for making proteins D. encoding information for changing the genetic code Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Where is RNA found? F. only in proteins G. only in the nucleus H. only in the cytoplasm J. in the nucleus and cytoplasm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What is the basic unit of DNA called? A. sugar B. nucleotide C. phosphate D. nucleic acid Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following nucleic acids is involved in translation? F. DNA only G. m. RNA only H. DNA and m. RNA J. m. RNA and t. RNA Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The table below shows the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the table to answer the questions that follow. 5. What is the ratio of purines to pyrimidines for these organisms? A. about 1: 1 B. about 1: 2 C. about 1: 3 D. about 1: 4 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The table below shows the percentage of bases in some organisms. Use the table to answer the questions that follow. 6. Within each organism, which nucleotides are found in similar percentages? F. A and T, G and C G. A and C, G and T H. A and C, G and U J. A and G, T and U Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. m. RNA : uracil : : DNA : A. guanine B. thymine C. adenine D. cytosine Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The model below represents a DNA molecule undergoing DNA replication. Use the model to answer the question that follows. 8. Which part of the model represents DNA helicase? F. 1 G. 2 H. 3 J. 4 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Short Response DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape. Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued DNA is made up of two strands of subunits called nucleotides. The two strands are twisted around each other in a double helix shape. Explain why the structure of a DNA molecule is sometimes described as a zipper. Answer: DNA is often described as a zipper because the two strands of DNA look like each lengthwise half of a zipper and the bases and hydrogen bonds between the strands look like the “teeth” of a zipper. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response DNA can be damaged by mistakes made during its replication. The mistakes are called mutations. Part A Explain eukaryotic DNA replication. Part B Explain how a mutation during replication can affect a protein that is synthesized. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 10 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A During DNA replication, each strand serves as a template. DNA replication begins when helicase enzymes separate the DNA strands. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each of the original DNA strands. The DNA polymerases are then released. Two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule result. Part B When mistakes in DNA replication occur, the base sequence of the newly formed DNA differs from that of the original DNA, changing the original code on the DNA. When the mutated DNA is transcribed, the sequence of bases on the m. RNA is incorrect. Translating the incorrect m. RNA can result in an incorrect amino acid which can affect the protein’s structure and ultimately its function. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.