Chapter 10 Cardiovascular Immune Lymphatic Systems and Blood

Chapter 10 Objective 1: Identify the organs and structures of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood and the function of the immune system. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and a closed network of blood vessels composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Function of the Cardiovascular System The heart functions as two pumps operating simultaneously: • the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs • the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Function of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d) • The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the blood and body tissue takes place in the capillaries. • The blood carrying carbon dioxide and waste is carried from the tissues through veins to organs of excretion. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Interior of the Heart Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989,

Cardiovascular System • heart: muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a closed fist, located behind the breast bone and between the lungs; the pumping action circulates blood throughout the body Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Cardiovascular System (cont’d) • atrioventricular valves: consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction. • semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic valves, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

Cardiovascular System (cont’d) • pericardium: two-layer sac surrounding the heart; an external fibrous and an internal serous layer that secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart • Three layers of the heart: epicardium: covers the heart myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer endocardium: inner lining of the heart Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Cardiovascular System (cont’d) • blood vessels: tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body • arteries: carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs • arterioles: smallest arteries • aorta: largest artery in the body Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Cardiovascular System (cont’d) • veins: carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart, except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart • venules: smallest veins in the body • venae cavae: largest veins in the body • capillaries: connect arterioles with venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries 11 Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Function of Blood • Maintains internal balance in the body. • Activities of the blood include transportation, such as transporting nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, protection provided by certain cells that protect the body against microorganisms, and regulation by controlling temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Composition of Blood • plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended • cells: formed elements – erythrocytes: red blood cells that carry oxygen – leukocytes: white blood cells that combat infection – thrombocytes (platelets): responsible for aiding in the clotting process Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

The Lymphatic System • The lymphatic system consists of lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus gland. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Function of the Lymphatic System • Returns excessive tissue fluid to the blood. • Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from the small intestine and transports them to the blood and provides defense against infection. • Collected extracellular fluid called lymph travels away from body tissue toward the heart and is drained into the cardiovascular system through ducts in the upper chest. Breathing and muscle action help propel lymph through the vessels. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

The Immune System: Functions The immune system does not have its own organs and structures. • Functions: protects the body against pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), foreign agents that cause allergic reactions or toxins (insect bites), and abnormal body cells (e. g. , cancer). Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Chapter 10 Objective 2: Define and spell word parts related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Combining Forms of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Blood • • angi/o aort/o arteri/o atri/o cardi/o lymphaden/o lymph/o • • myel/o phleb/o, ven/o plasm/o splen/o thym/o valv/o, valvul/o ventricul/o Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18

Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems • • • ather/o ech/o electr/o isch/o therm/o thromb/o Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Prefix • brady • pan- Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994,

Suffixes • • • -ac -apheresis -penia -poiesis -sclerosis Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009,

Review Question Which of the following means vein? a) arteri/o b) phleb/o c) valv/o Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22

Chapter 10 Objective 3: Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System • • angioma angiostenosis aortic stenosis arteriosclerosis atherosclerosis bradycardia cardiomegaly cardiomyopathy Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d) • • endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis phlebitis • • polyarteritis tachycardia thrombophlebitis valvulitis Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood • • erythrocytopenia hematoma leukocytopenia multiple myeloma pancytopenia thrombosis thrombus Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Lymphatic System • • • lymphadenitis lymphadenopathy lymphoma splenomegaly thymoma Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27

Chapter 10 Objective 6: Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the cardiovascular and immune systems and blood. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System • • • atrioventricular (AV) cardiac cardiogenic cardiologist cardiology hypothermia intravenous (IV) phlebologist phlebology Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d) • • hematologist hematology hematopoiesis hemolysis hemostasis myelopoiesis plasmapheresis thrombolysis Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30

Review Question A patient diagnosed with leukemia would seek treatment from a: a) hematologist b) cardiologist c) phlebologist Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31

Chapter 10 Objective 8: Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements, documents, and electronic health records. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32

Read Medical Terms in Use A 55 -year-old man presented to his doctor with pain in the calf and swelling in the left foot and ankle. Three days prior, the patient had completed trans-Pacific airline travel, spending several hours in a sitting position. He has a history of varicose veins. No previous history of hypertension or thrombophlebitis existed. Physical examination revealed an edematous left lower extremity and a tender calf. The pedal pulse was intact. A Doppler ultrasound was obtained, which revealed deep vein thrombosis. The patient was hospitalized and subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin was begun. Concurrently, Coumadin was started and will continue for 6 months. The oral anticoagulant therapy will be monitored monthly by prothrombin time. Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1998, 1994, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33