Chapter 10 BOT 3015 L Overview of Autotrophic

Chapter 10 BOT 3015 L Overview of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Protists Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

Tree of Life Plants (embryophytes) Angiosperms (beginning of semester) Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular (later) Endosymbiosis (last week) Cyanobacteria gave rise to chloroplasts and autotrophic protists gave rise to plants Animals Fungi (next week) All the rest of the eukaryotes, protists (Today, focus on autotrophic protists) www. tolweb. org

Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Gave rise to plants Rhodophyta Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Phaeophyta Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Dinophyta Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Bacillariophyta Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Oomycota Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

Some ecological aspects of algae (photosynthetic protists) Plants are to land as _____ algae are to water Provide shelter, food, and substrate Base of the aquatic food chain Environment and adaptations Human and protist affairs (some presented within)

Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Gave rise to plants Rhodophyta Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Phaeophyta Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Dinophyta Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Bacillariophyta Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Oomycota Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

Chlorophyta Green algae Share some characteristics with plants: • Chl a, as the reaction center pigment in PSII, a feature shared with cyanobacteria and all photosynthetic eukaryotes. Associated with oxygenic photosynthesis. • Chl b, part of light-harvesting complex that balances energy between the PSI and II and accommodates cyclic flow. • Store starch in plastids • Cellulose cell walls (usually for Chlorophyta) Plants (embryophytes) evolved from aquatic green algae Retention of female gametes in embryophytes is advantageous in terrestrial environments. In the coming weeks, we will be discussing more about the evolutionary trends in plants, which have become well adapted to terrestrial environments

Chlorophyta examples Chlamydomonas Above taken from Berkley site Museum of Paleontology Unicellular type ~1µm

Chlorophyta examples Chlamydomonas Example of one type of asexual reproduction From Outlaw lecture

Chlorophyta examples Chlamydomonas Example of one type of sexual reproduction in this phylum Zygotic meiosis From Outlaw lecture

Chlorophyta examples Volvox Colonies ~1 -2 mm Colonial type (one path to multicellular that was an evolutionary dead end) From Outlaw lecture

Chlorophyta examples Spirogyra Sexual reproduction Zygotic meiosis Filamentous (one path towards multicellularity) ~0. 5 mm

Chlorophyta examples Ulva Parenchymatous (path to multicellularity that led to plants) Sexual reproduction by alternation of generations

Chlorophyta examples Acetabularia Mermaid’s wine glass Siphonous form

Chlorophyta examples Desmids (Charophyceae) Xanthidium Euastrum Micrasterias

Chlorophyta examples Chara Apical growth Nodes and internodes Complex reproductive structures NOT embryophytes Gametangia Top: oogonium Bottom: antheridium cm range ~0. 25 mm

Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Gave rise to plants Rhodophyta Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Phaeophyta Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Dinophyta Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Bacillariophyta Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Oomycota Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

Rhodophyta examples Bonnemaisonia Batrachospermum

Rhodophyta examples Coralline type Important in coral reef structure

Rhodophyta examples “Nori” in Japanese diet Poryphyra

Rhodophyta examples © 2000 D. F. Kapraun Algae farmers in the Phillipines tending a Kappaphycus line culture for carrageenan (gel used in many food products) extraction.

Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Gave rise to plants Rhodophyta Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Phaeophyta Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Dinophyta Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Bacillariophyta Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Oomycota Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

Phaeophyta examples Coast of New Zealand Durvillea

Phaeophyta examples Sea palm on exposed intertidal rocks

Phaeophyta examples Laminaria

More algae farming Kelp harvester, California Phaeophyta Macrocystis Coast of California

Phaeophyta examples Note the air bladder adaptation Commonly rockweed Fucus

From Outlaw lecture example of meiotic gametogenesis

Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Gave rise to plants Rhodophyta Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Phaeophyta Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Dinophyta Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Bacillariophyta Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Oomycota Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

Dinoflagellates phytoplankton ~0. 5 mm Ceratium Gonyaulax ~1 mm Cause red tide (toxic algal bloom) Fish killed by Pfiesteria, which will then feed on the decaying flesh

Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Gave rise to plants Rhodophyta Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Phaeophyta Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Dinophyta Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Bacillariophyta Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Oomycota Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

Diatoms phytoplankton Phylum Bacillariophyta Diatoms are a diverse group that account for an estimated 25% of the primary production on Earth ~0. 3 mm

Chosen examples of protists Phyla Reason for choosing Chlorophyta Gave rise to plants Rhodophyta Chloroplasts most closely resemble cyanobacteria Phaeophyta Most complex of the algae (some exhibit meiotic gametogenesis) Dinophyta Many are autotrophic, ecological impacts Bacillariophyta Ecological impacts because they are primary producers Oomycota Heterotrophic protist, some are plant pathogens

Phytophthora infestans on potato From Outlaw lectures

Phytophthora life cycle

Phytophthora infestans infection