Chapter 10 Basics of Psychoanalysis Lecture Slides created

Objectives • Discuss the key ideas of psychoanalysis • Discuss Freud’s theory of psychological development • Discuss Freud’s idea of how the mind is structured • Discuss slips and humor • Discuss anxiety and defense mechanisms • Discuss implications for psychotherapy and modern life © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1

Freud Himself • Medical doctor • Left Austria when Hitler came to power •

Freud Himself • Used free association – The talking cure • Self-analysis • Influenced

The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Psychic Determinism • Miracles, free will, and random accidents do not exist • Contradictions of thoughts and behavior can be resolved • Leads to idea of the unconscious – Supported by modern research © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 4

The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Internal Structure • The mind is made of separate parts that function independently and can conflict with each other • Id: irrational and emotional • Ego: rational • Superego: moral • Modern research © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 5

The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Psychic Conflict and Compromise • The mind can conflict with itself • Compromise formation – The ego’s main job – Result is conscious thought and behavior – Used in modern psychoanalytic thought © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 6

The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Mental Energy Assumption Libido The amount of energy is fixed and finite Some implications not supported by research: expression of anger • Modern thought: information-processing capacity is limited • • © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 7

Controversy • Moral: dislike of emphasis on sex and sexual energy • Scientific: theory is unscientific • Personal level: People do not want to be told why they really did something, especially when you are correct © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 8

Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death • Two fundamental motives • Libido, or sexual drive – Creation, protection, and enjoyment of life – Creativity, productivity, and growth • Thanatos, or drive toward death – Introduced later to account for destructive activity such as war and the fact that everyone dies – Opposites and entropy © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 9

Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death • The doctrine of opposites – Life and death, happiness and sadness – “Extremes on any scale may be more similar to each other than either extreme is to the middle” (p. 364) – Example: emotionality © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 10

Psychosexual Development • Focus on where the psychic energy is and how it is used • Stage theory of development • Aspects of each stage – Physical focus – Psychological theme – Adult character type © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 11

Psychological Development: Oral Stage Timing: birth to 18 months Physical focus: mouth, lips, and tongue Psychological theme: dependency, passivity Only the id exists Two ways things can go wrong: needs are not fulfilled or needs are fulfilled instantly and automatically • Adult character type: overly independent versus passive • • • © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 12

Psychological Development: Anal Stage • Timing: about 18 months to 3 years • Physical focus: anus and organs of elimination • Psychological theme: self-control and obedience © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 13

Psychological Development: Anal Stage • Development of the ego • Two ways things can go wrong: unreasonable expectations and never demanding control of urges • Adult character type: overcontrolled versus undercontrolled © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 14

Psychological Development: Phallic Stage • Timing: about 3 ½ to 7 years • Physical focus: sexual organs • Basic task: coming to terms with physical sex differences and their implications • Oedipal crisis © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 15

Psychological Development: Phallic Stage • Psychological themes – Gender identity and sexuality • Identification – Love, fear, and jealousy • Development of morality, conscience, and the superego • Adult character type: rigid moral code versus lack of moral code; asexual versus promiscuous © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 16

Psychological Development: Latency • Timing: about 7 years to puberty • A break from

Psychological Development: Genital Stage • Timing: puberty on – This stage is not passed through, but attained • Physical focus: genitals, sexuality in the context of a mature relationship • Focus on creation and enhancement of life • Psychological theme: maturity • Achievement: well-adjusted and balanced – Mental health: the ability “to love and to work” © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 18

Psychological Development: Moving Through Stages • Analogy: army conquering hostile territory – Battles occur when there is opposition – Troops are left at battle sights: fixation – Retreat to previous stronghold: regression – Victory is reaching the genital stage with most of the army (energy) intact © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 19

Thinking and Consciousness: Secondary Process Thinking • • • Conscious thought Rational and practical Able to delay or redirect gratification How the conscious part of the ego thinks Develops second; less important role © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 20

Thinking and Consciousness: Primary Process Thinking • • The way the unconscious mind operates Does not contain the idea of “no” Goal is immediate gratification Displacement Condensation Symbolization Seen in very young children, during delirium and dreams, and sometimes in psychotics © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 21

Thinking and Consciousness: Levels of Consciousness • Topographical model • Conscious mind – Least important – Some of the ego • Preconscious • Unconscious – All of the id and superego and some of the ego – Most important – Difficult to bring to the surface 22 © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Parapraxes • Freudian slips • From belief in determinism • Forgetting – Usually the result of repression • Slips – Often in speech, but also in action – More likely when a person is tired, not paying attention, in a hurry, or excited © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 24

Anxiety and Defense • Anxiety from the outside world • Anxiety from psychic conflict

Anxiety and Defense • • Denial Repression Reaction formation Projection Rationalization Intellectualization Displacement Sublimation

Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a Route Toward Understanding • Resolve problems by bringing unconscious conflicts to the surface so the ego can deal with them – Takes time and can be painful – May increase anxiety in the beginning – Patients must be comforted and guided through this process • Therapeutic alliance, with power through transference © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 28

Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a Route Toward Understanding • Criticisms: low cure rate and length of treatment • Recent research • Rather than a therapy, psychoanalysis can be thought of as a tool for understanding human nature and culture – Do you agree with this idea? © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 29

Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique • Excessive complexity • Case study method – Theories are based on introspection and insight from specific cases – High likelihood of bias • Vague definitions – Concepts not defined in terms of operational definitions © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 30

Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique • Untestability: cannot be proven false • Sexism – Males are considered to be the norm – Females are considered as aberrations or deviations from the male model © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 31

Why Study Freud? • Focused on ideas that are underemphasized or ignored elsewhere • Influence on modern conceptions of the mind • Influence on the practice of psychotherapy © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 32

Why Study Freud? • Many ideas in popular culture • Revival of Freudian thought

Clicker Question #1 If psychic determinism is true, then a possible explanation forgetting a person’s name could be that you a)have a bad memory. b)do not like the person. c)are in love with the person but don’t want to admit it to yourself. d)both b and c © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 34

Clicker Question #2 During which stage of psychological development do people learn how to appropriately control their urges and what decisions are up to them or to an authority figure? a) oral b) anal c) latency d) phallic © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 35

Clicker Question #3 Which of the following about Freud’s theory is true? a)It is no longer an important part of psychological thought. b)It has been proven false. c)It was too simplistic to explain all of personality. d)Many of the issues that Freud thought to be important are topics of current research. © 2016 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 36