Chapter 10 A Changing Nation Pages 336 368

Chapter 10 – A Changing Nation Pages: 336 - 368

Section I – Building a National Identity • How was the power of the federal government strengthened during the Era of Good Feelings? • What happened to the Federalist Party after the War of 1812? • According to Henry Clay, how would his American System benefit the economy? • How did the Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden increase the power of the federal government?

Presidential Election of 1816 • The Republican candidate James Monroe of Virginia won in a landslide victory in the presidential election of 1816. • After 1815, many Americans believed the federal government should take action to increase economic prosperity in all regions of the country.

Henry Clay • Henry Clay spoke for people in the West who thought the country needed better roads and canals to transport goods from one region to another.

John C. Calhoun • John C. Calhoun spoke for the interests of the South. While he was first a defender of national unity, he later put more emphasis on the idea of states’ rights.

Daniel Webster • Webster became a spokesperson for the Northeast. At first, he opposed high tariffs, but he later came to support them as a way of protecting industry.

National Bank? • A charter is a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company. • The National Bank was able to improve the economy by lending money to individuals and controlled the money supply.

Dumping on the U. S. A. • Dumping is selling goods in another country below market prices. • The British businesses were dumping goods, in the United States to drive American competitors out of business. • When British started dumping goods into the United States, businesses began to collapse. • Business owners demanded Congress to help by setting tariffs on foreign goods.

Tariff of 1816 • Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816, which put a tax on foreign textiles, iron, leather goods, paper, and other products. • This made foreign goods more expensive than goods made in the United States. • The Tariff of 1816 was popular in the North where most factories were located. • However, the tariff was disliked in the South, because southerners were forced to pay higher prices for goods.

American System • Henry Clay’s goal for the American System was to improve the entire nation. • First produce wealth for the northerners to buy farm products from the South and West. • The federal government would also receive revenue from the tariffs. • The federal government could use this revenue to build up the infrastructure – roads, bridges, and canals in the South and West.

Supreme Court Rulings • The Bank of the United States was the only bank not chartered within the state of Maryland. • Any bank not charter in the state of Maryland required a tax. • When the Bank's Baltimore branch refused to pay the tax, Maryland sued James Mc. Culloch, cashier of the branch, for collection of the debt. • Mc. Culloch responded that the tax was unconstitutional. • The Mc. Culloch v. Maryland decision strengthened the power of the federal government by ruling that states had no power to interfere with federal institutions.

Interstate Commerce • Capitalism is the economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in a free market. • The Supreme Court ruled that New York State could not create a steamboat monopoly. • The Court claimed under the Constitution only Congress can regulate interstate commerce. (business/trade between states)

Section I – Building a National Identity • How was the power of the federal government strengthened during the Era of Good Feelings? • What happened to the Federalist Party after the War of 1812? • According to Henry Clay, how would his American System benefit the economy? • How did the Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden increase the power of the federal government?

Section II – Dealing With Other Nations • How did the United States foreign affairs reflect new national confidence? • What effect did Andrew Jackson’s attack on Florida have on the government of Spain? • What was Adam’s advice to Monroe? • Why did Britain grant some self-government to Canada?

Issues in Florida? • Andrew Jackson’s attack on Florida resulted in destroying Seminole villages, seizing two important Spanish towns and forcing the Spanish governor to flee Florida. • This led to Spain ceding Florida to the United States in 1819.

Revolution! • The American and French revolutions had inspired Latin Americans to develop their own revolutionary movements. • Simón Bolívar is often referred to as the Liberator for his role in leading independence movements in the northern part of South America. • Latin America was important to the United States, because its location and the amount of trading between Latin American and the United States.

Monroe Doctrine • John Quincy Adams believed a joint statement with Britain on the Latin American issue would make the United States look like Britain’s junior partner. • The Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America.

Relations with Britain and Canada • Britain learned they could no longer deny rights to Canadians. Britain provided more power to Canadians by granting them self-government. • Self-government is the right of people to rule themselves independently. • The United States tried to invade Canada during the War of 1812. • Relations between the United States and Britain improved between 1818 and 1846, when the United States and Britain settled several border disputes regarding Canada.

Section II – Dealing With Other Nations • How did the United States foreign affairs reflect new national confidence? • What effect did Andrew Jackson’s attack on Florida have on the government of Spain? • What was Adam’s advice to Monroe? • Why did Britain grant some self-government to Canada?

Section III – The Age of Jackson • How did the people gain more power during the Age of Jackson? • Why did Jackson’s supporters claim there had been a “corrupt bargain” in the election of 1824? • Which groups did not benefit from increased suffrage in the United States? • How did Andrew Jackson justify the spoils system?

Andrew Jackson a. k. a “Old Hickory” • Andrew Jackson was ambitious, brave, and tough. • During a difficult march with his troops in 1812, one soldier described him as “tough as hickory” and the name Old Hickory stuck. • Ordinary Americans supported Andrew Jackson for his humble beginnings, firm leadership and his idea that ordinary people should participate in American political life.

Election of 1824 • According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives would decide the winner of an election if no one receives the majority of electoral votes. • In 1824, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote and received the most electoral votes, but not a majority. • However, Jackson did not win the election. Instead, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams.

John Quincy Adams • John Quincy Adams supported Clay’s American System and wanted the federal government to play a larger role in supporting the American economy. • Adams proposed a national program to build roads and canals and impose high tariffs to protect industry.

SUFFRAGE!!! • Suffrage - The definition of suffrage is the right to vote. • By the 1820’s, many states dropped the requirement that men had to own property to be able to participate in voting. • Voting requirements varied slightly from state to state. • However, almost all adult white males now could vote and hold office.

Restrictions on Voting • Suffrage was still restricted in the United States; women could not participate in government. • Enslaved African Americans, males and females, were also restricted from any type of voting rights. • In most states, even free African Americans could not vote.

Ordinary People? • Supporters of Andrew Jackson believed that ordinary people should vote in elections, hold public office, and do anything else they had the ability to do. • Jackson’s supporters strongly opposed special privileges for those of high social status.

New Political Parties • In 1824, the Republican Party split into the National Republicans and Democrats. • The Republican party split mainly due to the issues at hand with states’ rights, tariffs, etc. • At the same time a new political party formed. That was against Andrew Jackson and his idea of incorporating the common people in government. • In 1836, the anti-Jackson forces had formed a new party called the Whigs.

Political Party’s Meetings • A caucus is a meeting of members of a political party. • Caucuses were designed for political parties to choose their presidential candidates. • National nominating conventions are large meetings of political party delegates to choose candidates for office. • National conventions opened the nominating process to more people and made it more democratic.

Jackson Wins!!! Woot!!! • After Jackson’s inauguration, 20, 000 supporters of Jackson were present in and around the White House to honor Jackson. • During the event the guest broke furniture, spilled drinks, and broke glassware and dishes.

Spoils System • The spoils system is the practice of rewarding government positions to loyal supporters of the party that win as election. • Andrew Jackson justified the spoils system by claiming that putting new people into government positions furthered democracy.

Section III – The Age of Jackson • How did the people gain more power during the Age of Jackson? • Why did Jackson’s supporters claim there had been a “corrupt bargain” in the election of 1824? • Which groups did not benefit from increased suffrage in the United States? • How did Andrew Jackson justify the spoils system?

Section IV – Indian Removal • Why did Jackson use force to remove Indians from the Southeast? • What were some of the customs and ways of life of the Cherokees? • According to Marshall, why was Georgia barred from applying its laws to Cherokee territory? • What mistakes in planning did the government make before removing Native Americans?

Cherokee Assimilate The Cherokees had adopted some white customs. They farmed and had successful businesses. Many converted to Christianity. Some could speak and read English. Their leader Sequoyah wrote an alphabet for their language. • They even established a government based on a written constitution. • • •

Native American Issue • The first major issue with Native Americans living in the Southeast was they prevented the United States from expanding West. • The second major issue was Native Americans lived on fertile land where white farmers wanted to use the land to grow cotton.

Cherokee v. Georgia!!! • The Worcester v. Georgia court case was significant, because the Supreme Court declared that Georgia’s laws “can have no force” within Cherokee territory. • President Jackson was upset with the Worcester v. Georgia decision and wanted to remove the Native Americans from their land.

Indian Removal Act • President Jackson put into effect a federal law called the Indian Removal Act of 1830. • The law gave him authority to offer Native American nations land west of the Mississippi in exchange for their lands in the East. • Native Americans were forced off their land move to an area known as Indian Territory. (Mainly in the area of the current state of Oklahoma)

Trail of Tears • The Trail of Tears was when the Cherokees were forced to march hundreds of miles with little food or shelter. • 15, 000 Cherokees marched to their new home. During the Trail of Tears 4, 000 out of the 15, 000 Cherokees

Seminoles Fight Back! • The Seminoles fought three wars against their removal. • However, in the 1840’s most Seminoles were forced to move. • Native Americans struggled to rebuild their lives under very difficult conditions in the Indian Territory.

Jackson v. Supreme Court • President Jackson defied the Supreme Court going against the Worcester v. Georgia and enforcing the Indian Removal Act.

Section IV – Indian Removal • Why did Jackson use force to remove Indians from the Southeast? • What were some of the customs and ways of life of the Cherokees? • According to Marshall, why was Georgia barred from applying its laws to Cherokee territory? • What mistakes in planning did the government make before removing Native Americans?

Section V – States’ Rights and the Economy • How did old issues take a new shape in the conflict over a national bank and tariffs? • What were the arguments for and against the second Bank of the United States? • How does the Tenth Amendment limit federal powers? • What was the position of Vice President John C. Calhoun on nullification? • What was the main cause of the Panic of 1837?

The Bank! • The Bank made loans to businesses. • The Bank was a safe place for the federal government to keep its money. • The paper money it issued formed a stable currency. • The Bank’s careful policies helped create confidence in banks all over the country.

People Against the Bank • People opposed the way the Bank restricted loans made by state banks. • Bank directors often limited the amount of money banks could lend. This angered farmers and merchants who wanted to borrow money to buy land.

Andrew Jackson v. The Bank! • Andrew Jackson called the Bank “The Monster. ” According to Jackson, the Bank allowed a small group of the wealthy people to enrich themselves at the expense of ordinary people.

Jackson Vetoes The Bank • As President, Andrew Jackson was able to veto the bill to renew the Bank’s charter. • The major issue of the 1832 presidential election was over the Bank of the United States.

Nullification • Nullification is an action by a state that cancels a federal law to which the state objects/opposes. • South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union, because of tariffs on iron and textiles that they felt were unfair to the South.

Nullification Crisis • In 1833, Jackson asked Congress to allow the federal government to collect its tariff in South Carolina by force if necessary. • At the same time, Jackson supported a compromise bill that would lower the tariffs. • In 1833, Congress passed both laws. • South Carolina then repealed its tariff nullification.

Van Buren and Harrison • Martin Van Buren won both the electoral and the popular vote in the 1836 presidential election. • American banks could not collect on the loans they had made to cotton growers, which caused hundreds of banks to go bankrupt. • In 1840, Martin Van Buren ran for reelection against the Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison. • Harrison was portrayed as a “man of the people” and easily defeated Martin Van Buren.

Section V – States’ Rights and the Economy • How did old issues take a new shape in the conflict over a national bank and tariffs? • What were the arguments for and against the second Bank of the United States? • How does the Tenth Amendment limit federal powers? • What was the position of Vice President John C. Calhoun on nullification? • What was the main cause of the Panic of 1837?