Chapter 10 1 Chapter 10 Plant Assets Natural

Chapter 10 -1

Chapter 10 Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets Chapter 10 -2 Accounting Principles, Ninth Edition

Study Objectives 1. Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets. 2. Explain the concept of depreciation. 3. Compute periodic depreciation using different methods. 4. Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation. 5. Distinguish between revenue and capital expenditures, and explain the entries for each. 6. Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset. 7. Compute periodic depletion of natural resources. 8. Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets. 9. Indicate how plant assets, natural resources, and intangible assets are reported. Chapter 10 -3

Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangible Assets Plant Assets Determining the cost of plant assets Depreciation Expenditures during useful life Plant asset disposals Chapter 10 -4 Natural Resources Depletion Intangible Assets Accounting for intangibles Research and development costs Statement Presentation and Analysis Presentation Analysis

Section 1 – Plant Assets Plant assets include land, land improvements, buildings, and equipment (machinery, furniture, tools). Major characteristics include: “Used in operations” and not for resale. Long-term in nature and usually depreciated. Possess physical substance. Referred to as property, plant, and equipment; plant and equipment; and fixed assets. Chapter 10 -5

Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Land Includes all costs to acquire land ready it for use. Costs typically include: (1) the purchase price; (2) closing costs, such as title and attorney’s fees; (3) real estate brokers’ commissions; (4) costs of grading, filling, draining, and clearing; (5) assumption of any liens, mortgages, or encumbrances on the property. Chapter 10 -6 SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Illustration: Assume that Hayes Manufacturing Company acquires real estate at a cash cost of $100, 000. The property contains an old warehouse that is razed at a net cost of $6, 000 ($7, 500 in costs less $1, 500 proceeds from salvaged materials). Additional expenditures are the attorney’s fee, $1, 000, and the real estate broker’s commission, $8, 000. The cost of the land is $115, 000, computed as follows. Required: Determine amount to be reported as the cost of the land. Chapter 10 -7 SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Required: Determine amount to be reported as the cost of the land. Land Cash price of property of $100, 000 Old warehouse razed at a cost of $6, 000 Attorney's fees of $1, 000 Real estate broker’s commission of $8, 000 Cost of Land Chapter 10 -8 $115, 000 SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Land Improvements Includes all expenditures necessary to make the improvements ready for their intended use. Examples are driveways, parking lots, fences, landscaping, and underground sprinklers. Limited useful lives. Expense (depreciate) the cost of land improvements over their useful lives. Chapter 10 -9 SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Buildings Includes all costs related directly to purchase or construction. Purchase costs: Purchase price, closing costs (attorney’s fees, title insurance, etc. ) and real estate broker’s commission. Remodeling and replacing or repairing the roof, floors, electrical wiring, and plumbing. Construction costs: Contract price plus payments for architects’ fees, building permits, and excavation costs. Chapter 10 -10 SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Equipment Include all costs incurred in acquiring the equipment and preparing it for use. Costs typically include: purchase price, sales taxes, freight and handling charges, insurance on the equipment while in transit, assembling and installation costs, and costs of conducting trial runs. Chapter 10 -11 SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Determining the Cost of Plant Assets Illustration: Assume Merten Company purchases factory machinery at a cash price of $50, 000. Related expenditures are for sales taxes $3, 000, insurance during shipping $500, and installation and testing $1, 000. Determine amount to be reported as the cost of the machinery. Machinery Cash price $50, 000 Sales taxes 3, 000 Insurance during shipping 500 Installation and testing 1, 000 Cost of Machinery Chapter 10 -12 $54, 500 SO 1 Describe how the cost principle applies to plant assets.

Chapter 10 -13

Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of tangible assets to expense in a systematic and rational manner to those periods expected to benefit from the use of the asset. Process of cost allocation, not asset valuation. Applies to land improvements, buildings, and equipment, not land. Depreciable, because the revenue-producing ability of asset will decline over the asset’s useful life. Chapter 10 -14 SO 2 Explain the concept of depreciation.

Depreciation Factors in Computing Depreciation Cost Chapter 10 -15 Useful Life Illustration 10 -6 Salvage Value SO 2 Explain the concept of depreciation.

Depreciation Methods Objective is to select the method that best measures an asset’s contribution to revenue over its useful life. Examples include: (1) Straight-line method. (2) Units-of-Activity method. (3) Declining-balance method. Illustration 10 -8 Use of depreciation methods in 600 large U. S. companies Chapter 10 -16 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Illustration: Barb’s Florists purchased a small delivery truck on January 1, 2010. Illustration 10 -7 Required: Compute depreciation using the following. (a) Straight-Line. (b) Units-of-Activity. (c) Declining Balance. Chapter 10 -17 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Straight-Line Expense is same amount for each year. Depreciable cost is cost of the asset less its salvage value. Illustration 10 -9 Chapter 10 -18 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Illustration: (Straight-Line Method) 2010 $ 12, 000 2011 12, 000 2012 $ 2, 400 $ 10, 600 20 2, 400 4, 800 8, 200 12, 000 20 2, 400 7, 200 5, 800 2013 12, 000 20 2, 400 9, 600 3, 400 2014 12, 000 20 2, 400 12, 000 1, 000 2010 Journal Entry Chapter 10 -19 20% Illustration 10 -10 Depreciation expense Accumulated depreciation 2, 400 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Units-of-Activity Companies estimate total units of activity to calculate depreciation cost per unit. Expense varies based on units of activity. Depreciable cost is cost less salvage Chapter 10 -20 Illustration 10 -11 value. SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Illustration: (Units-of-Activity Method) Illustration 10 -12 2010 15, 000 $ 0. 12 $ 1, 800 $ 11, 200 2011 30, 000 0. 12 3, 600 5, 400 7, 600 2012 20, 000 0. 12 2, 400 7, 800 5, 200 2013 25, 000 0. 12 3, 000 10, 800 2, 200 2014 10, 000 0. 12 1, 200 12, 000 1, 000 2010 Journal Entry Chapter 10 -21 Depreciation expense Accumulated depreciation 1, 800 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Declining-Balance Decreasing annual depreciation expense over the asset’s useful life. Declining-balance rate is double the straight-line rate. Rate applied to book value. Illustration 10 -13 Chapter 10 -22 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Illustration: (Declining-Balance Method) Illustration 10 -14 2010 13, 000 40% $ 5, 200 $ 7, 800 2012 7, 800 40 3, 120 8, 320 4, 680 2013 4, 680 40 1, 872 10, 192 2, 808 2014 2, 808 40 1, 123 11, 315 1, 685 2015 1, 685 40 12, 000 1, 000 2010 Journal Entry Chapter 10 -23 685* Depreciation expense 5, 200 Accumulated depreciation * Computation of $674 ($1, 685 x 40%) is adjusted to $685. 5, 200

Depreciation Comparison of Depreciation Methods Illustration 10 -15 Illustration 10 -16 Chapter 10 -24 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation for Partial Year The following five slides are included to illustrate the calculation of partial-year depreciation expense. The amounts are consistent with the previous slides illustrating the calculation of depreciation expense. Chapter 10 -25 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation for Partial Year Illustration: Barb’s Florists purchased a small delivery truck on October 1, 2010. Illustration 10 -7 Required: Compute depreciation using the following. (a) Straight-Line. (b) Units-of-Activity. (c) Declining Balance. Chapter 10 -26 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation for Partial Year Illustration: (Straight-line Method) Chapter 10 -27 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation for Partial Year Illustration: (Units-of-Activity Method) Illustration 10 -12 2010 15, 000 $ 0. 12 $ 1, 800 $ 11, 200 2011 30, 000 0. 12 3, 600 5, 400 7, 600 2012 20, 000 0. 12 2, 400 7, 800 5, 200 2013 25, 000 0. 12 3, 000 10, 800 2, 200 2014 10, 000 0. 12 1, 200 12, 000 1, 000 2010 Journal Entry Chapter 10 -28 Depreciation expense Accumulated depreciation 1, 800 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation for Partial Year Illustration: (Declining-Balance Method) Chapter 10 -29 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation and Income Taxes IRS does not require taxpayer to use the same depreciation method on the tax return that is used in preparing financial statements. IRS requires the straight-line method or a special accelerated-depreciation method called the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS). MACRS is NOT acceptable under GAAP. Chapter 10 -30 SO 3 Compute periodic depreciation using different methods.

Depreciation Revising Periodic Depreciation Accounted for in the period of change and future periods (Change in Estimate). Not handled retrospectively. Not considered error. Chapter 10 -31 SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation.

Depreciation Illustration: Assume that Barb’s Florists decides on January 1, 2013, to extend the useful life of the truck one year because of its excellent condition. The company has used the straight-line method to depreciate the asset to date, and book value is $5, 800 ($13, 000 - $7, 200). Questions: 1. What is the journal entry to correct the prior years’ depreciation? No Entry Required 2. Calculate the depreciation expense for 2013. Chapter 10 -32 SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation.

Depreciation Book value, 1/1/13 Salvage value Depreciable cost Useful life (revised) Annual depreciation First, establish Book Value at the date of change in estimate. $5, 800 - 1, 000 4, 800 / 3 years $ 1, 600 Illustration 10 -17 Journal entry for 2013 Depreciation expense Accumulated depreciation Chapter 10 -33 1, 600 SO 4 Describe the procedure for revising periodic depreciation.

Expenditures During Useful Life Ordinary Repairs - expenditures to maintain the operating efficiency and productive life of the unit. Debit - Repair (or Maintenance) Expense. Referred to as revenue expenditures. Additions and Improvements - costs incurred to increase the operating efficiency, productive capacity, or useful life of a plant asset. Debit - the plant asset affected. Referred to as capital expenditures. Chapter 10 -34 SO 5 Distinguish between revenue and capital expenditures, and explain the entries for each.

Plant Asset Disposals Companies dispose of plant assets in three ways — Retirement, Sale, or Exchange (appendix). Illustration 10 -18 Record depreciation up to the date of disposal. Eliminate asset by (1) debiting Accumulated Depreciation, and (2) crediting the asset account. Chapter 10 -35 SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.

Plant Asset Disposals - Retirement Illustration: Assume that Hobart Enterprises retires its computer printers, which cost $32, 000. The accumulated depreciation on these printers is $32, 000. The journal entry to record this retirement is? Accumulated depreciation Printing equipment 32, 000 Question: What happens if a fully depreciated plant asset is still useful to the company? Chapter 10 -36 SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.

Plant Asset Disposals - Retirement Illustration: Assume that Sunset Company discards delivery equipment that cost $18, 000 and has accumulated depreciation of $14, 000. The journal entry is? Accumulated depreciation Loss on disposal Delivery equipment 14, 000 18, 000 Companies report a loss on disposal in the “Other expenses and losses” section of the income statement. Chapter 10 -37 SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.

Plant Asset Disposals Sale of Plant Assets Compare the book value of the asset with the proceeds received from the sale. If proceeds exceed the book value, a gain on disposal occurs. If proceeds are less than the book value, a loss on disposal occurs. Chapter 10 -38 SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.

Plant Asset Disposals - Sale Illustration: Assume that on July 1, 2010, Wright Company sells office furniture for $16, 000 cash. The office furniture originally cost $60, 000. As of January 1, 2010, it had accumulated depreciation of $41, 000. Depreciation for the first six months of 2010 is $8, 000. Prepare the journal entry to record depreciation expense up to the date of sale. Depreciation expense Accumulated depreciation Chapter 10 -39 8, 000 SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.

Plant Asset Disposals - Sale Illustration 10 -19 Computation of gain on disposal Illustration: Wright records the sale as follows. July 1 Cash 16, 000 Accumulated depreciation 49, 000 Office equipment Gain on disposal Chapter 10 -40 60, 000 5, 000 SO 6 Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.

Section 2 – Natural Resources Natural resources consist of standing timber and underground deposits of oil, gas, and minerals. Distinguishing characteristics: Physically extracted in operations. Replaceable only by an act of nature. Chapter 10 -41

Section 2 – Natural Resources Cost - price needed to acquire the resource and prepare it for its intended use. Depletion - allocation of the cost to expense in a rational and systematic manner over the resource’s useful life. Depletion is to natural resources as depreciation is to plant assets. Companies generally use units-of-activity method. Depletion generally is a function of the units extracted. Chapter 10 -42 SO 7 Compute periodic depletion of natural resources.

Section 2 – Natural Resources Illustration: Assume that Lane Coal Company invests $5 million in a mine estimated to have 10 million tons of coal and no salvage value. In the first year, Lane extracts and sells 800, 000 tons of coal. Lane computes the depletion expense as follows: $5, 000 ÷ 10, 000 = $. 50 depletion cost per ton $. 50 x 800, 000 = $400, 000 depletion expense Journal entry: Depletion expense Accumulated depreciation Chapter 10 -43 400, 000 SO 7 Compute periodic depletion of natural resources.

Section 2 – Natural Resources Illustration 10 -22 Statement presentation of accumulated depletion Extracted resources that have not been sold are reported as inventory in the current assets section. Chapter 10 -44 SO 7 Compute periodic depletion of natural resources.

Section 3 – Intangible Assets Intangible assets are rights, privileges, and competitive advantages that do not possess physical substance. Intangible assets are categorized as having either a limited life or an indefinite life. Common types of intangibles: Patents Trademarks or trade names Copyrights Goodwill Franchises or licenses Chapter 10 -45 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Valuation Purchased Intangibles: Recorded at cost. Includes all costs necessary to make the intangible asset ready for its intended use. Internally Created Intangibles: Generally expensed. Only capitalize direct costs incurred in perfecting title to the intangible, such as legal costs. Chapter 10 -46 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Amortization of Intangibles Limited-Life Intangibles: Amortize to expense. Credit asset account or accumulated amortization. Indefinite-Life Intangibles: No foreseeable limit on time the asset is expected to provide cash flows. No amortization. Chapter 10 -47 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Patents Exclusive right to manufacture, sell, or otherwise control an invention for a period of 20 years from the date of the grant. Capitalize costs of purchasing a patent and amortize over its 20 -year life or its useful life, whichever is shorter. Expense any R&D costs in developing a patent. Legal fees incurred successfully defending a patent are capitalized to Patent account. Chapter 10 -48 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Illustration: Assume that National Labs purchases a patent at a cost of $60, 000. National estimates the useful life of the patent to be eight years. National records the annual amortization as follows. Amortization expense Patent Chapter 10 -49 7, 500 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Copyrights Give the owner the exclusive right to reproduce and sell an artistic or published work. Ø plays, literary works, musical works, pictures, photographs, and video and audiovisual material. Copyright is granted for the life of the creator plus 70 years. Capitalize acquisition costs. Amortized to expense over useful life. Chapter 10 -50 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Trademarks and Trade Names Word, phrase, jingle, or symbol that identifies a particular enterprise or product. Ø Wheaties, Game Boy, Frappuccino, Kleenex, Windows, Coca-Cola, and Jeep. Trademark or trade name has legal protection for indefinite number of 20 year renewal periods. Capitalize acquisition costs. No amortization. Chapter 10 -51 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Franchises and Licenses Contractual arrangement between a franchisor and a franchisee. Ø Shell, Taco Bell, or Rent-A-Wreck are franchises. Franchise (or license) with a limited life should be amortized to expense over the life of the franchise. Franchise with an indefinite life should be carried at cost and not amortized. Chapter 10 -52 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Accounting for Intangible Assets Goodwill Includes exceptional management, desirable location, good customer relations, skilled employees, high-quality products, etc. Only recorded when an entire business is purchased. Goodwill is recorded as the excess of. . . purchase price over the FMV of the identifiable net assets acquired. Internally created goodwill should not be capitalized. Chapter 10 -53 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Chapter 10 -54

Research and Development Costs Frequently results in something that a company patents or copyrights such as: new product, formula, process, idea, composition, or literary work. All R & D costs are expensed when incurred. Chapter 10 -55 SO 8 Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.

Statement Presentation and Analysis Presentation Illustration 10 -24 Companies usually include natural resources under “Property, plant, and equipment” and show intangibles separately. Chapter 10 -56 SO 9 Indicate how plant assets, natural resources, and intangible assets are reported.

Statement Presentation and Analysis Illustration 10 -25 Each dollar invested in assets produced $0. 56 in sales. If a company is using its assets efficiently, each dollar of assets will create a high amount of sales. Chapter 10 -57 SO 9 Indicate how plant assets, natural resources, and intangible assets are reported.

Exchange of Plant Assets Ordinarily, companies record a gain or loss on the exchange of plant assets. The rationale for recognizing a gain or loss is that most exchanges have commercial substance. An exchange has commercial substance if the future cash flows change as a result of the exchange. Chapter 10 -58 SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets.

Exchange of Plant Assets Illustration: Roland Co. exchanged old trucks (cost $64, 000 less $22, 000 accumulated depreciation) plus cash of $17, 000 for a new semi-truck. The old trucks had a fair market value of $26, 000. Chapter 10 -59 Cost of old trucks Less: Accumulated depreciation Book value Fair market value of old trucks Loss on disposal $64, 000 22, 000 42, 000 26, 000 $16, 000 Fair market value of old trucks Cash paid Cost of new semi-truck $26, 000 17, 000 $43, 000 Illustration 10 A -1 & 10 A-2 SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets.

Exchange of Plant Assets Illustration: Roland Co. exchanged old trucks (cost $64, 000 less $22, 000 accumulated depreciation) plus cash of $17, 000 for a new semi-truck. The old trucks had a fair market value of $26, 000. Prepare the entry to record the exchange of assets by Roland Co. Chapter 10 -60 Semi-truck 43, 000 Accumulated depreciation 22, 000 Loss on disposal 16, 000 Used trucks 64, 000 Cash 17, 000 SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets.

Exchange of Plant Assets Illustration: Mark Express Delivery trades its old delivery equipment (cost $40, 000 less $28, 000 accumulated depreciation) for new delivery equipment. The old equipment had a fair market value of $19, 000. Mark also paid $3, 000. Chapter 10 -61 Cost of old equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation Book value Fair market value of old equipment Gain on disposal $40, 000 28, 000 12, 000 19, 000 $ 7, 000 Fair market value of old equipment Cash paid Cost of new equipment $19, 000 3, 000 $22, 000 Illustration 10 A-3 & 10 A-4 SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets.

Exchange of Plant Assets Illustration: Mark Express Delivery trades its old delivery equipment (cost $40, 000 less $28, 000 accumulated depreciation) for new delivery equipment. The old equipment had a fair market value of $19, 000. Mark also paid $3, 000. Prepare the entry to record the exchange of assets by Mark Express. Delivery equipment (new) 22, 000 Accumulated depreciation 28, 000 Delivery equipment (used) Chapter 10 -62 40, 000 Gain on disposal 7, 000 Cash 3, 000 SO 10 Explain how to account for the exchange of plant assets.

Copyright “Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. ” Chapter 10 -63