Chapter 1 When Old Worlds Collide Contact Conquest

Chapter 1 When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe Web

Peoples in Motion n Many people had migrated to North American long before the European explorations n Beringia—Land bridge between Siberia and Alaska Home to generations and source of migration to North America n Debate rages about exactly when migrants arrived n n Probably arrived in three waves n First more than 14, 000 years ago n Middle a few thousand years later n Last after 7, 000 B. C.

Hunting/gathering Societies n Earliest migrants found a multitude of animal species n Gradually disappeared, largely due to over- hunting n Sex segregated jobs within communities

Indian Women as Farmers

Appearance of Permanent Farm Villages n Between 4000 and 1500 B. C. n Planned agriculture probably began with women n Can be termed the Neolithic evolution

Norse exploration of North American n First explored and occupied Iceland Greenland n Three explorations between A. D. 1001 and 1014 n Established colony of Vinland, did not last

Chinese Culture More Advanced in Many Ways than Europe n Initiated many explorations of East Asia between 12405 and 1434 n Interest diminishes as China turned toward thereafter n Convinced that Chinese culture was superior to rest of world

Europeans and Islamic World n Arab mariners best in world n Desired access to East Indian spices n European resurgence came only after Renaissance n Legacy from Crusades provided lessons for greater European exploration

Portugal Emerged as Leader of European Exploration Efforts n Role of Prince Henry and the crusading Order of Christ n Leaders in technological innovation and development n Involvement in slave trade n Exploited local rivalries among states of West and Central Africa n Began search from water route to Asia in the 1480 s n Established chain of naval bases but no real settlements

© 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Africa and the Mediterranean in the 15 th Century

Spanish Efforts to catch up to Portugal after 1400 n Really possible after marriage of Ferdinand Isabella in 1469 n Spanish support for Christopher Columbus n Sought water route to Asia across Atlantic n Four voyages to the New World after 1492 n Never realized he had discovered a New World

Early Spanish Experience in the New World n Brutal treatment of native population n Continued exploration throughout North America n Engaged in search for great riches

Emergence of Sedentary and Semisedentary Cultures in the Americas n Native lives transformed by agriculture after 4000 B. C. n Non-migratory societies only among most advanced cultures n No individual ownership of land among any Indian society n Regardless of size, Indian societies remained Stone Age culture

Rise of Andean Civilization n Utilized ingenious irrigation systems for high-altitude farming n Chavin, Mohica, Tiwanaku empires all thrived

Inca Empire n Emerged abound A. D. 1400 n Built capital at Cuzco, high in Andes Mountains n Empire stretched 2, 000 miles north to south n No written language, yet controlled 8 to 12 million people by 1500

Cultures of Mesoamerica n Olmecs emerged along Gulf Coast around 1200 B. C. Built small settlements of around 1, 000 people n Constructed first pyramids and ballparks in Mesoamerica n Utilized 52 year calendar system n n Toetihuacan emerged in mountains outside of present day Mexico City

Cultures of Mesoamerica (cont. ) n City has population of 40, 000 by A. D. 1 n Best known for brightly painted murals n Governed by a senate, not a monarch n Suddenly destroyed around A. D. 750 n Mayans emerged in southern lowlands of the Yucátan

Aztec Empire n Capital of Tenochtitlán in middle of Lake Texcoco n Waged perpetual war to gain captives for religious ceremonies n Made many enemies among peoples of Mesoamerica

North American “Mound Builders” n Three distinct cultures n New Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and their tributaries n Thrived from 3000 B. C. to about a. D. 1700 n Largest Mount at Cahokia near modern St. Louis

© 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Mound Building cultures of North America

Southern Urban Cultures n Hohokam in central Arizona between 300 B. C. and A. D. 300 Sophisticated irrigation n Manufactured cotton cloth and distinctive red pottery n Declined around 1450, likely due to water shortages n n Anasazi in New Mexico and Colorado n Cliff-dwelling-people n Flourished for two centuries, then declined in last quarter of thirteenth century n Likely ancestors of Pueblo Indians

Early European-Indian Encounters Revealed Many Differences n Christians unprepared to deal with native societies Troubled by Indian religious practices n Branded Indians Satan worshippers n n Natives equally troubled by European practices Horrified by European executions of suspected witches and other Europeans n Troubled by Communion rite in Christian churches n Widespread resistance to early Christianization efforts n

Early European-Indian Encounters Revealed Many Differences (cont. ) n Different conceptions of warfare Europeans sought to slay as many of their enemies as possible n Indians fought to acquire live captives n Europeans disliked Indian torture and ritual sacrifice of captives n Indians appalled by European slaughter of women and children n n Indian societal organization differed markedly from European Most Indian societies were matrilineal and had clearly defined social roles for men and women n Resisted Europeanization efforts because they challenged their traditional social norms n

The Spanish Conquest of Mexico and Peru n Hernando Cortés invaded Aztec capital of Tenochititlán in 1519 n Seized Emperor Moctezuma and replaced Aztec religious images with Christian ones n Initial invasion no successful n Returned later with aid from the Tlaxcalans, enemies of the Aztecs n Looted the city and established Mexico City on its ruins

The Spanish Conquest of Mexico and Peru (cont. ) n Francisco Pizarro located Incas in 1531 n Capitalized on internal turmoil n Defeated much larger Incan force and destroyed Cuzco n Established new capital at Lima on the coast of Peru

Principal Spanish Explorations of North America © 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Spanish Missionaries and Religious Efforts in North American n Jesuits established mission in Virginia in 1570 n Departed after Indian revolt n Franciscans replaced them North of Mexico n Royal Orders for New Discoveries, 15773 n Made it illegal to enslave Indians or even attack them n Laid plans for unfortified missions headed by priests to convert natives into peaceful Catholic subjects of Spain n Some missionary success in northern Florida and New Mexico

© 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Missions in Florida and New Mexico, circa 1675

The Spanish Empire in Practice n Ruled by direct control from Spain n Labor systems exploited natives n Empire and its riches transformed missionaries n Became less concerned with saving souls as they acquired land laborers n Council of Indies established to choose New World leaders n Power further consolidated after Portugal and Spain joined in 1580 under rule of Philip II

Spanish Empire and Global Labor Systems © 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Explanations for European Conquest n Vast technological superiority n Steel most important n Biological effect of European diseases devastating the Indians n European vegetation choked out native plants n European animal prevailed over potential American rivals Web