CHAPTER 1 The Nations Beginnings EXPLORATION THE COLONIAL

CHAPTER 1: The Nation’s Beginnings EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA to 1763

Age of Exploration, 1400 -1700 ► Main idea: Exploration often occurs due to economic, political, social and religious factors. ANSWER WITH A PARTNER: ► Religious/Social Changes (Can you remember? ) ► Economic/Political Changes (Can you remember? ) ► What were the causes and effects of European arrival in the Americas? (5 bullet points)

The First People Section 1. 1 Who Was First? Native Americans (duh)

Native Americans ► …the Native Americans were descendants of Mongoloid groups which crossed from Siberia (THINK, RUSSIA) into North America via the Bering Straight –which used to be a land bridge – ► between 20, 000 – 40, 000 years ago and proceeded to fan out throughout the Americas

Pacific Coastal Theory

America Pre-Columbus

Northwest Natives Avid traders Acquisition of material goods resulted in higher status Gift-giving ceremonies called potlatches marked public displays of wealth Abundance of fish and mild climate made many tribes relatively prosperous Carved elaborate and intricate totem poles (represented ancestral heritage)

Southwest Natives ► Arid conditions made life tougher ► Tribes such as the Apache were foragers – scrounging for everything from bison to grasshoppers ► In most of [what is now] California, most of the tribes were pretty laid-back ► Living in villages and lived off the land as hunters and gatherers

Great Plains Natives ► Game, especially bison, was plentiful ► Few hunted because of no horses until the mid 1500 s ► Tribes stalked, ambushes, and occasionally stampeded a herd of bison over a cliff ► Semi-nomadic – packed up their teepees and moved on when the local food got scarce

Northeast Natives Two large groups: Iroquois and Algonquin Fought a lot Tools and weapons made of copper and slate Invented a canoe made out of birch bark Around 1450 five tribes formed the Iroquois League Purpose: form an alliance against the Algonquin and settle disputes amongst themselves

Southeast Natives ► A mix of hunting, gathering, and farming ► Developed codes of law and judicial systems ► Readily adopted European customs of running plantations, slaveholding, and raising cattle ► Intermarried with Europeans ► Referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes by the Europeans (Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, & the Seminoles) ► https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 E 9 WU 9 TGre c&list=PL 8 d. Puua. Lj. Xt. Mwmep. Bj. TSG 593 e. G 7 Obz. O 7 s &index=1

HEY COLUMBUS, GO HOME! Europeans Come to America SECTION 1. 2

What do you remember? ANSWER WITH A PARTNER: ► What were the Americas like pre-Columbus? ► Describe 3 aspects of Native American culture. ► What were some push factors for exploration?

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400 S ► European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants ► Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power ► The Reformation in the early 1500 s led to a split in the church Martin Luther

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION ► The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400 s for God, Gold, and Glory ► Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes – all led to better exploration

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA ► Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 (“the greatest accident in history”) Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System ► Disease devastated Native population-what was the “exchange” called? ►

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS ü On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800 s, 10 million Africans were taken ü Why Africans? ü On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history ü On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products (AND DISEASES) flowed between continents

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold New World to Old World: Syphilis

The Columbian Biological Exchange Animals: Old World to New World: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens New World to Old World: Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: Plants: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass New World to Old World: Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas ► Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico ► Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru ► Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System ► § a grant by the crown to a conquistador, soldier, official, or others of a specified number of Indians living in a particular area

The First English Settlements SECTION 1. 3

ACTIVITY: Geography Lesson ► Using 4 maps of topography/geography, decide where you, as an explorer, would aim to explore. ► Explain WHY you chose that area or region. ► How does geography impact settlement patterns?

Impact of Geography ► How can economic development impact freedom and opportunity? ► The geography of a region and the purpose for immigration influences the economic development of a region.

Roanoke: The Lost Colony ► http: //www. youtub e. com/watch? v=o 99 Y 4 Brq. GY&feature=related ► First arrived 1585 ► Second group in 1587 ► Leader: John White ► 1587 first European born in N. America. Virginia Dare ► Investigation: What ► J. W. left for supplies, caused the colonists returned in 1590 to to disappear? nothing but “CROATOAN” carved on a post

Pocahontas: “Virginia Company” In sixteen hundred seven We sail the open sea For glory, God and gold And the Virginia Company For the New World is like heaven And we'll all be rich and free Or so we have been told By the Virginia Company For glory, God and gold And the Virginia Company On the beaches of Virginny There's diamonds like debris There's silver rivers flow And gold you pick right off a tree With a nugget for my Winnie And another one for me And all the rest'll go To the Virginia Company It's glory, God and gold And the Virginia Company We'll kill ourselves an Injun Or maybe two or three We're stalwart men and bold Of the Virginia Company It's glory, God and gold and the Virginia Company

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES Beginning in the early 1600 s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America ► 1607: Jamestown was first lasting settlement ► John Smith led this group of settlers ► Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop (Rolfe) ► ► http: //www. history. com/topics/jamestown/vid eos/jamestown-founded-in 1607? cmpid=mrss_int_taboola_video_his http: //www. bing. com/videos/searc h? q=youtube+mr. +betts+jamesto wn&FORM=VIRE 1#view=detail&m id=4 BEFB 3461 C 63 E 3 CC 31 DE 4 BEF B 3461 C 63 E 3 CC 31 DE

ACTIVITY: Fix Jamestown! ► You have arrived in Jamestown as the new leader. You are the colonists’ last hope and must address the problems that have ravaged the colony. ► Using your knowledge of the colony, discuss how you would change/fix its issues: offer possible solutions to problems like disease, salt poisoning, Indian attacks, starvation, farming complications, etc. Write as a public edict for the colonists.

Pilgrims and Plymouth ► Believed that the English Protestant church was corruptwanted to “separate” ► Separatists leave homeland on a pilgrimage to the new world-hence the name Pilgrims

Pilgrims Cont’d ► 44 passengers board the Mayflower (rest aimed to make profit) to Plymouth ► William Bradford=governor ► Wampanoag tribe helps them survive; “Thanksgiving” ► Absorbed into Puritans

Puritans: Mass. Bay Colony https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hc. CB v 6 tf 5 q. A ► Like Pilgrims, they wished to reform the English Prot. Church ► Sought to purify-hence the name Puritans ► Imagined themselves as the next Exodus ► John Winthrop=leader ► Salvation was for the Elect; constant state of spiritual anxiety

Puritans Cont’d ► Faith, not work was key to salvation ► “City on a Hill” ► Community demanded conformity ► Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson