Chapter 1 The Human Body An Orientation Copyright

Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Objectives: Be able to: § § § List systems of the body; group and identify the organs in each system; match from a list of systems the organs that belong to the systems and their functions Determine the interdependency of the structural hierarchy of the organisms and be able to write short answers to critical thinking questions List and recall the anatomical parts and regions and label them on diagrams and models Describe the meaning of homeostasis and identify its three components Explain the principle of homeostasis in your own words and write short answer to critical thinking questions § Give short descriptions of the various tools of imaging technology § Build a vocabulary of anatomical terms Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology § Anatomy: § § § Study of: § The structure of body parts, and § Their relationships to one another Subdivided into: § Gross or macroscopic: Large visible structures (naked eye) § Microscopic: Too small to be seen by the naked eye. § Developmental: Structural changes throughout life Physiology: § The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy: § Subdivided into: § Cytology: § § Study of the cell Histology: § Study of tissues (similar cells with the same function) What is the difference between a cell & a tissue? Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tools for Studying Anatomy: § Mastery of anatomical terminology § Observation § Manipulation § In a living person: § Palpation (feeling organs with hands) § Auscultation (listening to organ by a stethoscope) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Principle of Complementarity § Anatomy & physiology are individual subjects § But, they are inseparable § Function always reflects structure § What a structure can do depends on its specific form § This called the principle of complementarity § Example: § Blood flows in one direction because the: § Structure of the heart valves prevents backflow (unidirectional blood flow) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Human body has many structural organization levels: § § § Chemical: § Atoms (smallest units of ……. . ? ) combined to form molecules § Molecules (smallest units of ………? ) Cellular: § Molecules combine forming ………. . ? (basic cellular components) § Cells are the smallest units of ………. ? (1 -cell organisms) Tissue: § Consists of a group of similar cells having a common function § Four basic types of tissues in the human body: § Epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, & nervous tissue Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization (cont’d. ) § § § Organ § Discrete structure made up of at least two tissue types § Performs a specific function for the body Organ system: § Consists of different organs that work closely together § Accomplishes a common purpose Organismal: § An organism is made up of the organ systems § The sum total of all levels work together to promote life Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Molecules Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Heart Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Blood vessel (organ) 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1

Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Heart Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 1

Body Syems: Integumentary System § Forms external body covering § Composed of: § § § The skin § Sweat and oil glands § Hair and nails Protects underlying tissues against: § Drying out § Injury Synthesizes vitamin D Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 a

Skeletal System § Composed of: § Bones § Cartilage § Ligaments § Protects & supports body organs § Framework for muscles § Site of blood cell formation § Source of mineral reserve Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 b

Muscular System § § Composed of: § Muscles § Tendons Allows movement (moving the limbs) § Maintains posture § Facilitates facial expression Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 c

Nervous System § Composed of: § § § The fast-acting control system of the body Responds to environmental stimuli by transmitting: § § The brain Spinal cord Nerves Electrical impulses activate: § § Muscles Glands Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 d

Cardiovascular System § Composed of: § § § Heart: § § Transport blood thru the body Delivers (to tissues): § § Pumps blood Blood vessels: § § The heart Blood vessels Oxygen (O 2) & Nutrients Removes (from tissues): § C O 2 (to the lungs) & metabolic waste Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 f

Respiratory System § Composed of: § Nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx § Trachea, bronchi § Lungs § Keeps blood supplied with O 2 § Excretory function : § Removes CO 2 from the blood (metabolic waste removal thru breathing) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 h

Lymphatic System/Immunity § Composed of: § Lymph organs (red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes) § § Lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels § Returns leaked fluid to blood § Houses white blood cells § Protects the body (destroys bacteria & tumor cells) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 g

Digestive System § Composed of: § § Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, & anus Accessary organs & glands (teeth, tongue, liver, gall bladder, & pancreas) § § Breaks down food classes into their building blocks to enter blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 i

Urinary System § Composed of: § § § Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Rids the body of nitrogenous wastes, the byproducts of……. . ? Regulates: § Body fluids (H 2 O conservation) § Electrolytes § Blood p. H Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 j

Male Reproductive System § Composed of: § § Production of: § § § Scrotum, testes, ductus deferens, glands, and penis Sperm & male sex hormones (testes) Offspring Sperm delivery to female reproductive tract (ducts and glands) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 k

Female Reproductive System § Composed of: § § Production of: § § Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; mammary glands Eggs & female sex hormones (ovaries) Offspring Site for fertilization and fetal development Production of milk to nourish the newborn (mammary glands) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1. 3 l

Endocrine System § Composed of: § § Hormone-secreting ductless glands Hormone-regulated processes: § Growth § Reproduction § Metabolism Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Systems Interrelationships § § § Integumentary system protects body from external environment Digestive and respiratory systems: § In direct contact with external environment § Take in nutrients and oxygen, respectively Integumentary, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems: § Work together to rid the body from toxic waste Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pre-Lecture 2 Quiz (June 5, ‘ 12) 1) 2) 3) Name four organ systems that rid the body from toxic metabolic waste Name four organ systems that have direct contact with the external environment Name the two regulatory organ systems in the body identifying each in terms of action speed Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings