Chapter 1 The Human Body An Orientation Anatomy

Bellwork • On a sheet of paper, put todays date. Keep this sheet until Friday because you will put each days bellwork on this sheet. Answer the question/statement below. • Define Anatomy and Physiology. • How are structure and function related? Tell me what you already know… © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Student Should Be Able To: • Differentiate between Anatomy and Physiology • List necessary life functions (8) • List survival needs (5) • Explain homeostasis and give examples of types of feedback © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy • Study of structure and shape of the body parts and their relationships to one another. • “ana”- apart and “tomy” to cut • Subdivisions: • Gross or macroscopic (e. g. , regional, systemic, and surface anatomy) • Microscopic (e. g. , cytology and histology) • Developmental (e. g. , embryology) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Study of the function of the body • “physio” nature, “ology” study of • Subdivisions based on organ systems (e. g. , renal or cardiovascular physiology) • Often focuses on cellular and molecular level • Body's abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Principle of Complementarity • Anatomy and physiology are inseparable • Function always reflects structure

Necessary Life Functions • Maintaining boundaries • Movement • Responsiveness • Digestion • Metabolism

Necessary Life Functions • Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments • Skin • Movement • Includes activities promoted by the muscular system • Aided by the skeletal system © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Necessary Life Functions • Responsiveness • Irritability • Ability to sense changes and respond to stimuli • Nervous system responsible for this function • Digestion • Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs • Absorption of simple molecules into blood © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Necessary Life Functions • Metabolism • All chemical reactions that occur in body cells • Regulated by hormones (where do hormones come from? ) • Excretion • Removal of wastes from the body • Urea, carbon dioxide, feces (which systems? ) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Cellular division for growth or repair • Production of offspring • Regulated by hormones • Growth • Increase in size of a body part or of organism © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Interdependence of Body Cells • Humans are multicellular • To function, must keep individual cells alive • All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs • All body functions spread among different organ systems • Organ systems cooperate to maintain life • Note major organs and functions of the 11 organ systems (fig. 1. 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Survival Needs • Appropriate amounts necessary for life • Too little or too much harmful • Nutrients • Oxygen • Water • Normal body temperature • Appropriate atmospheric pressure © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Survival Needs • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins • Oxygen • Nutrients are useless without oxygen • Chemical reactions require oxygen • 20% of air we breathe © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Survival Needs • Water • Most abundant chemical in body • Fluid base for secretions and excretions • 60 -80% of body weight • Normal body temperature • 37 C or 98 F • Affects rate of chemical reactions • Appropriate atmospheric pressure • Force exerted on body surface by weight of air • For adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homeostasis • Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment • A dynamic state of equilibrium • Maintained by contributions of all organ systems © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of all factors that can change (variables) • Communication necessary for monitoring and regulation • Functions of nervous and endocrine systems • Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Components of a Control Mechanism • Receptor (sensor) • Monitors environment • Responds to stimuli (something that causes changes in controlled variables) • Control center • Determines set point at which variable is maintained • Receives input from receptor • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Receives output from control center • Provides the means to respond • Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 4 Interactions among the elements of a homeostatic control system maintain stable internal conditions. 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. 2 Receptor detects change. 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Receptor IMB AL Control Center Afferent pathway 4 Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Efferent pathway Effector 5 Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. AN CE BALANCE IMB AL © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1 AN C E

Negative Feedback • Most feedback mechanisms in body • Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus • Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change • Examples • Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) • Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 5 Body temperature is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism. Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Receptors Effectors Sweat glands Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain) Sweat glands activated Body temperature rises IMB AL Response Evaporation of sweat Body temperature falls; stimulus ends AN CE BALANCE Stimulus: Heat Stimulus: Cold Response IMB Body temperature rises; stimulus ends AL Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Skeletal muscles Shivering begins Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. AN CE Body temperature falls

Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Volume by ADH • Receptors sense decreased blood volume • Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • ADH causes kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Positive Feedback • Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus • May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect • Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment • Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin (chapter 28) • Platelet plug formation and blood clotting © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 6 A positive feedback mechanism regulates formation of a platelet plug. 1 Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall. Positive feedback cycle is initiated. 3 Released chemicals attract more platelets. 2 Platelets Positive feedback loop adhere to site and release chemicals. Feedback cycle ends when plug is formed. 4 Platelet plug is fully formed. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1

Homeostatic Imbalance • Disturbance of homeostasis • Increases risk of disease • Contributes to changes associated with aging • Control systems less efficient • If negative feedback mechanisms overwhelmed • Destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over (e. g. , heart failure) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pass the Folder • Analyze scenarios to determine if homeostasis is being maintained. ©

Student should be able to…. . • Differentiate between Anatomy and Physiology • List necessary life functions (8) • List survival needs (5) • Explain homeostasis and give examples of types of feedback • Quiz on vocab. Terms later this week © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

What do I want you to take away today? • Be able to: • Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related (6 of them) • Name the organ systems of the body and state the major function of each system • Remember Quiz Friday on Vocab. Terms © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Levels of Structural Organization 1. Chemical- most simple level Atoms combine to form molecules 2. Cellular- made up of molecules Cells 3. Tissue Groups of similar cells 4. Organ Contains two or more types of tissues 5. Organ System Organs that work closely together for a common purpose 6. Organismal- highest level of structural organization All organ systems © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 1 Levels of structural organization. Atoms Slide 1 Organelle Smooth muscle cell Molecule Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organismal level The human organism is made Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. up of many organ systems. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Organ System Overview • Integumentary System- skin • Skeletal System- provides framework (bones) • Muscular System- muscles • Nervous System- body control center • Endocrine System- produce hormones • Cardiovascular System- heart/blood vessels • Lymphatic System- lymph nodes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Organ System Overview • Respiratory- breathing; keeps blood constantly supplied with 02 • Digestive- breaks food down • Urinary- eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body • Reproductive- male /female; production of offspring © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

What do I want you to take away today? • Be able to: • Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related (6 of them) • Name the organ systems of the body and state the major function of each system • Remember Quiz Friday on Vocab. Terms © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Student Will Be Able To: • Demonstrate correct anatomical position • Differentiate between

Bellwork • Complete Odd Organ Out Handout © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomical Position (refer to doodle definitions) • Standard anatomical body position • Body erect • Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward • Thumbs point away from body • Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position • Right and left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1. 1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3) (refer to doodle definitions)

Table 1. 1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education,

Table 1. 1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education,

Group Work • Create a song, rap, chant, etc. with movements that correctly demonstrates the anatomical position and other positional terms. Refer to your definitions/notes for these terms. You must use a minimum of 6 vocabulary terms. • *The movements and word choice must be school appropriate! • We will perform your original creations before the end of class! © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Practice • The heart is ____ to the arm. • The head is ____ to the neck. • The abdomen is _______ to the head. • The arms are ______ to the ribs. • The thigh is ______ to the knee. • The knee is _____ to the thigh. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vocabulary Quiz • Get out your vocabulary and put everything else away. I will

Bellwork • Describe in detail the correct anatomical position. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Objectives • Identify body cavities and regions • Review A&P concepts discussed in unit

Regional Terms (refer to note sheet) • Two major divisions of body • Axial • Head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular • Limbs • Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 7 a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Thoracic Sternal Axillary Mammary Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Manus (hand) Pollex Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Palmar Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Pubic (genital) Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Anterior/Ventral © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 7 b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Cervical Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Sacral Metacarpal Gluteal Digital Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar Posterior/Dorsal © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes and Sections • Body plane • Flat surface along which body or

Body Planes • Three most common • Lie at right angles to each other

Sagittal Plane • Sagittal plane • Divides body vertically into right and left parts • Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane • Midsagittal (median) plane • Lies on midline © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes • Frontal (coronal) plane • Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts • Produces a frontal or coronal section • Transverse (horizontal) plane • Divides body horizontally (90 to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts • Produces a cross section © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancreas Frontal section (through torso) Median section (midsagittal) Aorta Arm Left and Liver Heart right lungs Stomach © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Spleen Liver Spinal cord Body wall Rectum Intestines Subcutaneous fat layer Vertebral column

Body Cavities • Two sets of internal body cavities • Closed to environment •

Dorsal Body Cavity • Protects nervous system • Two subdivisions: • Cranial cavity •

Ventral Body Cavity • Houses internal organs (viscera) • Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm)

Ventral Body Cavity • Thoracic cavity subdivisions • Two pleural cavities • Each surrounds a lung • Mediastinum • Contains pericardial cavity • Surrounds thoracic organs • Pericardial cavity • Encloses heart © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions • Abdominal cavity • Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver • Pelvic cavity • Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Lateral view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior mediastinum Anterior view Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity • Serous membrane or serosa • Thin, double-layered membranes • Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls • Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) • Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid • Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Serous Membranes • Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated • Each has parietal and visceral layers • Pericardium • Heart • Pleurae • Lungs • Peritoneum • Abdominopelvic cavity © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 10 Serous membrane relationships. Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers. Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium The serosae associated with the heart. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Abdominopelvic Regions Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region Nine regions delineated by four planes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Diaphragm Liver Spleen Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Appendix Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Other Body Cavities • Exposed to environment • Oral and digestive cavities • Nasal cavity • Orbital cavities • Middle ear cavities • Not exposed to environment • Synovial cavities © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pin the Tail on the Abdominopelvic Regions • Draw and label an image of

Where to Pin the Tail…. 1. Pin the tail on the most medial, superior quadrant 2. Pin the tail on the right lateral, inferior quadrant 3. Pin the tail on the right upper quadrant 4. Pin the tail on the left lower quadrant 5. Pin the tail on the umbilical region © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Independent Practice • If you wanted to separate thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity of a cadaver, which type of section would you make? • Of the spinal cord, small intestine, uterus, and heart, which are in the dorsal body cavity? • Joe went to the ER complaining of severe pain in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. What might be his problem? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.