Chapter 1 Psychological Science Descriptive Research Types of

Chapter 1 Psychological Science Descriptive Research

Types of Psychological Research n Descriptive Research n Correlational Research n Experimental Research

Types of Psychological Research n Descriptive Research n Correlational Research n Experimental Research

Types of Psychological Research n Descriptive Research ¨ Survey ¨ Case Study ¨ Naturalistic Observation n Correlational Research n Experimental Research

Description § Survey Commonly used in both descriptive and correlational research § technique for gathering the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people § usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people from a defined population §

Aspects of A Survey § Population § § all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study Sampling How respondents are selected may affect the outcome of a survey § A Random Sample is a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion §

Aspects of A Survey § Wording Effect § § How a question is worded and framed may affect the outcome of a survey False Consensus Effect § tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

When wording effect attacks! End Women’s Suffrage!

Since 9% said that Nader was the only candidate worth voting for, one would have expected to getstatistic at leastbecause 9% of the vote in There was him a biased the 2000 election. He only got from aboutthe 3%. What sample wasn't randomly drawn happened? A disproportionate number of population. Nader supporters participated in the poll in order to make him appear more viable as a candidate.

Solution: The airlines n Can we. No. conclude that had the most United, American, and complaints also had the Delta are the worst most passengers. airlines and Alaska, Southwest, and Continental are the best?

n. Solution: This clipping from USin The difference the abuse rates probably News and World stems from Report ondifferent 1/29/01 definitions for abuse in the suggests that various states. For example, Alaskans are terrible Alaska (the "worst" state) parents. Is this says that a child is true? abused if his or health or welfare is harmed or threatened. Pennsylvania (the "best" state) defines it as a recent act or failure to act.

n. Solution: No. Drunk drivers a fatality from n Can have we conclude risk 7. 66 times the while following diagram norm, non-drunk drivers a risk that have it's safer to drive only about. 6 of the while under the norm. Only a very small percentage of influence? drivers in New York City drive while under the influence, but they account for a disproportionate number of accidents.

n. Solution: The following No. As the following graph shows, the statistics suggest that reason 16 -year-olds areand safer octogenarians appear to drivers than people in be safe drivers is that they theirdrive twenties, don't nearly and as much octogenarians asthat people in other age are very safe. Is this groups. true?

Surveys

Description Case Study § Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all Is language uniquely human?

Description § Naturalistic Observation § observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation