Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body Copyright

Key Terms anabolism intracellular fluid anatomic position metabolism anatomy negative feedback catabolism organ cell pathology disease physiology extracellular fluid system homeostasis tissue Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body Anatomy • Study of body structure – Dissection Physiology

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Levels of Organization What do specialized groups

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Body Systems (Organized by Function) • Protection, support, and movement – Integumentary – Skeletal – Muscular • Coordination and control – Nervous – Endocrine Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Body Systems (Organized by Function) (cont. ) • Circulation and immunity – Cardiovascular – Lymphatic • Energy supply and fluid balance – Respiratory – Digestive – Urinary • Production of offspring – Reproductive Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Effects of Aging • Gradual changes occur in all body systems. • Some changes are harmless. – Wrinkles and gray hair • Some changes may result in injury and disease. – Decreased kidney function – Loss of bone mass – Formation of deposits within blood vessels Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 1 ? Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? A) The structure of the stomach B) The mechanism of protein digestion C) Stomach cancer D) Anabolic reactions Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 1 ? Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? A) The structure of the stomach B) The mechanism of protein digestion C) Stomach cancer D) Anabolic reactions Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 2 ? There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is A) Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B) Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism C) System, cell, organism, tissue D) Cell, system, tissue, organism Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 2 ? There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is A) Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B) Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism C) System, cell, organism, tissue D) Cell, system, tissue, organism Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 3 ? Which system is comprised of bones and joints? A) Skeletal system B) Nervous system C) Immune system D) Muscular system Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Studies of the Human Body (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 3 ? Which system is comprised of bones and joints? A) Skeletal system B) Nervous system C) Immune system D) Muscular system Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont. ) Homeostasis • Body’s maintenance of internal balance. • Body fluid balance is especially important. – Extracellular fluid • Blood plasma • Lymph • Fluid between cells – Intracellular fluid • Fluid within cells Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont. ) Homeostasis (cont. ) • Negative feedback – Critical for maintaining our health – Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Figure 1 -2 Negative feedback. How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature

Figure 1 -3 Negative feedback and body temperature. How does the brain respond to

Figure 1 -4 Negative feedback in the endocrine system. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont. ) Types of Metabolism • Catabolism – Reactions that break substances down – Used to form ATP • Anabolism – Reactions that build substances up – Often require ATP Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Figure 1 -5 Metabolism. What type of metabolism does the digestive system do? Copyright

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 4 ? A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) A) Anabolic reaction B) Catabolic reaction C) Homeostatic reaction D) Metabolic reaction Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 4 ? A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) A) Anabolic reaction B) Catabolic reaction C) Homeostatic reaction D) Metabolic reaction Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 5 ? Which example illustrates negative feedback? A) Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. B) Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. C) A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. D) A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 5 ? Which example illustrates negative feedback? A) Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. B) Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. C) A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. D) A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Directional Terms • Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions. – Superior and inferior – Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) – Medial and lateral – Proximal and distal • All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Figure 1 -6 Directional terms. What is the scientific name

Body Directions (cont. ) Planes of Division • Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction. – Frontal plane – Sagittal plane – Transverse plane Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Figure 1 -7 Planes of division. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Planes of Division (cont. ) • Some additional terms, usually “sections, ” are used to describe tissues and CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images. – Cross-section – Longitudinal section – Oblique section Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Figure 1 -8 Tissue sections. Which section would cut a

Body Directions (cont. ) Figure 1 -9 Cross-sections in imaging. Copyright © 2015 Wolters

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 6 ? Which term means closer to

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 6 ? Which term means closer

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 7 ? A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the A) Sagittal plane B) Proximal plane C) Frontal plane D) Midsagittal plane Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 7 ? A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the A) Sagittal plane B) Proximal plane C) Frontal plane D) Midsagittal plane Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Cavities (cont. ) The body is divided into two main cavities. Dorsal Cavity – Two main subdivisions • Cranial cavity • Spinal cavity Ventral Cavity – Two main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Cavities (cont. ) Figure 1 -10 Body cavities, lateral view. Replace with Fig

Body Cavities (cont. ) Thoracic Cavity • Further subdivided – Pericardial cavity – Pleural cavity – Mediastinum Figure 1 -11 The thoracic Cavity. Which cavity contains the lung? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Cavities (cont. ) Abdominopelvic Cavity • Further subdivided – Abdominal cavity – Pelvic

Body Cavities (cont. ) Divisions of the Abdomen • The abdomen can be divided into nine regions. – Epigastric – Umbilical – Hypogastric – Hypochondriac (left and right) – Lumbar (left and right) – Iliac or inguinal (left and right) Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Figure 1 -12 The nine regions of the abdomen. Which region contains the spleen?

Body Cavities (cont. ) Divisions of the Abdomen (cont. ) • The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants. – Right upper quadrant – Left upper quadrant – Right lower quadrant – Left lower quadrant In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt? Figure 1 -13 Quadrants of the abdomen. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Cavities (cont. ) Figure 1 -14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions. Where

Body Cavities (cont. ) Figure 1 -15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions. Where

Body Cavities (cont. ) Pop Quiz 1. 8 ? Which organ is NOT in

Body Cavities (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 8 ? Which organ is NOT

Body Directions Pop Quiz 1. 9 ? Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? A) Epigastric region B) Hypogastric region C) Inguinal region D) Umbilical region Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer 1. 9 ? Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? A) Epigastric region B) Hypogastric region C) Inguinal region D) Umbilical region Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz ? 1. 10 Which anatomic adjective describes the

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer ? 1. 10 Which anatomic adjective describes

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz ? 1. 11 The word part –stasis is

Body Directions (cont. ) Pop Quiz Answer ? 1. 11 The word part –stasis

CASE STUDY Learning Objective 12. Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in a

Case Study: Chapter 1 Mike’s Case: Emergency Care and Possible System Failure • Some anatomic and physiologic terms from the case study: – Hemorrhage – Hormone – Hypertensive – Hypothermia – Intra-abdominal – Palpate – Tachycardia Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

WORD ANATOMY Learning Objective 13. Show word parts are used to build words related

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example Studies of the Human Body dis- apart, away from To dissect is to cut apart. -logy study of Radiology is the study and use of radioactive substances. path/o disease Pathology is the study of disease. physi/o nature, physical Physiology is the study of how the body functions. -tomy cutting, incision of Anatomy Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Word Anatomy (cont. ) Word Part Meaning Example ana- upward, again, back Anabolism is the building up of simple compounds into more complex substances. cata- down Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances. extra- outside of, beyond Extracellular fluid is outside the cells. home/o- same Homeostasis is the steady state (sameness) within an organism. intra- within Intracellular fluid is within a cell. stat, -stasis stand, stoppage, constancy In homeostasis, “-stasis” refers to constancy. Metabolism Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved